DOI: 10.3897/herpetozoa.39.e208000

Authors: Lauriane Bégué, Fabrice Petel, Vincent Premel, Gaëlle Raboisson, Eva Ringler, Max Ringler, Moric Toszeghi, Victor Vacher, Mélissa Peignier

Abstract: Reliable individual identification is fundamental to ecological and behavioural studies, yet many marking techniques are invasive and may affect animal behaviour or survival. Biometric identification approaches offer a non-invasive alternative for individual recognition using phenotypic traits. In amphibians, body patterns, especially colouration, have been used to identify individuals, but species lacking permanent body patterns require alternative traits. This study evaluated whether iris patterns could serve as a marker for individual recognition in the treefrog Osteocephalus oophagus. A capture-recapture study was conducted over three breeding seasons (2021–2023) in French Guiana. At each encounter, eye photographs were compared with an image library to identify individuals without handling. Manual identifications were independently verified using Wild-ID software. Across 392 capture events involving 103 individuals, iris patterns were highly distinctive among individuals and enabled repeated identification across encounters. Within-season recapture rates ranged from 56% to 80%, indicating that iris patterns remained sufficiently stable for short-term monitoring. However, only three individuals were re-identified across years, preventing a robust assessment of long-term pattern stability. As these individuals showed no substantial alteration in iris patterns, the low interannual recapture rate was more likely explained by population turnover or emigration than by changes in iris morphology. The findings suggest that iris recognition provides an effective, non-invasive method for short-term individual identification in O. oophagus, reducing the need for repeated handling and supporting ethical wildlife research. Further studies are needed to assess the long-term stability of iris patterns and evaluate the applicability of this method to other amphibian species.

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DOI: 10.3897/herpetozoa.39.e190456

Authors: Karla Noemi Colin-Medina, Edgar Oviedo-Hernández, Gabriel Suárez-Varón, Gisela Granados-González, Oswaldo Hernández-Gallegos

Abstract: Reproductive condition influences ecophysiological traits in viviparous female lizards, which may have various effects on their fitness. In this study, the effects of reproductive condition on body mass and thermal ecology were evaluated in females from a central Mexico population of Sceloporus grammicus. Sampling was conducted during pregnancy and postpartum periods, recording body mass, snout-vent length (SVL), body temperature, and substrate and air temperatures. The data were analyzed using linear mixed and general linear models to evaluate differences between reproductive conditions. The study included repeated measurements from recaptured individuals, allowing intra-individual comparisons across reproductive conditions. After controlling for body size, pregnant females had a significantly higher body mass than postpartum females. Despite this higher mass, pregnant females had a significantly lower body temperature than postpartum females. These results suggest that changes in body mass and thermal ecology are associated with the reproductive condition of S. grammicus females.

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DOI: 10.3897/herpetozoa.39.e178597

Authors: Mónica Torres-Almazán, Klaus Thomas Schrei Godoy, Brad A. Lock, Armando H. Escobedo-Galván, José F. González-Maya

Abstract: Sexual dimorphism and caudal autotomy are poorly documented in the lizard genus Abronia. We analyzed sexual size dimorphism and caudal autotomy in 54 adult Campbell’s Alligator Lizards (Abronia campbelli) from Jalapa, Guatemala. We measured snout–vent length (SVL), head width (HW), and body mass (BM) for 29 males and 25 females. While both sexes showed similar SVL and BM, the males had significantly broader heads than females relative to body size and body mass. In addition, caudal autotomy was similar between males and females. This monomorphism in body size, coupled with dimorphism in head width, suggests that sexual selection, likely driven by male–male combat or the need to grasp females during mating, acts strongly on male head morphology in this species.

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DOI: 10.3897/herpetozoa.39.e205043

Authors: Arthur Tiutenko, Tim L. Heller, Michael F. Bates

Abstract: Based on morphology, biogeography, biology, and the results of a molecular phylogenetic analysis, a new species of Dasypeltis is described from Harenna Forest in the southern Somalian plateau in Ethiopia. It is a medium-sized member of the genus (females up to 92 cm total length, males up to 58 cm), usually uniformly black dorsally but occasionally light brown with a dense and somewhat irregular pattern of narrow brown saddles and vertically elongate lateral markings, sometimes forming bands across the back, and small white spots and streaks, or reddish-brown with indistinct darker dorsal and lateral markings. Interstitial skin is light grey, appearing bluish in adults. Infralabials, chin shields, gulars, and 20–62 anterior ventral plates (medially) are mostly white, the other plates being ash-grey or black in colour. Scales in the first row of dorsals on either side of the body are smooth or almost smooth; those of the second row are weakly keeled; other dorsal scales are moderately keeled with two apical pits each. Pairwise genetic distance between the new species and its closest congener, D. atra, is similar to or greater than the distances between some long-recognised species in the genus. The new species is also geographically and ecologically isolated from closely related congeners.

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DOI: 10.3897/herpetozoa.39.e206094

Authors: Nikolay A. Poyarkov, Sabira S. Idiiatullina, Darya A. Ustinova, Andrey M. Bragin, Son Xuan Le, Parinya Pawangkhanant, Hieu Minh Pham, Chatmongkon Suwannapoom, Patrick David, Gernot Vogel, Tan Van Nguyen

Abstract: A new species of the genus Ovophis Burger in Hoge & Romano-Hoge, 1981, is described from the Langbian Plateau, southern Vietnam, based on an integrative taxonomic approach combining morphological and molecular evidence. Ovophis langbianus sp. nov. is distinguished from its congeners by a unique combination of diagnostic morphological characters and by significant genetic divergence in the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene. Phylogenetic analyses recover the new species as the sister lineage of O. tonkinensis (Bourret), from which it differs in body proportions, head morphology, color pattern, and several meristic characters. Multivariate analyses of morphological variation further support the distinctiveness of the new species, with specimens of Ovophis langbianus sp. nov. and O. tonkinensis forming two well-separated groups in morphospace and exhibiting significant differences in centroid positions. The new species is currently known only from montane evergreen forests of the Langbian Plateau at elevations of approximately 800–2,230 m asl. The recognition of Ovophis langbianus sp. nov. further emphasizes the taxonomic complexity of the O. tonkinensis species group and, together with previous molecular evidence for a distinct Cao Bang (Vietnam)-Guangxi (China) lineage, highlights the need for a comprehensive reassessment of species boundaries within the complex.

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DOI: 10.3897/herpetozoa.39.e201361

Authors: Linh Thuy Thi Ha, Trang Hoang Nguyen, Thinh Van Nguyen, Cuong The Pham, Tien Quang Phan, Truong Quang Nguyen, Dung Van Tran, Thomas Ziegler, Dennis Rödder, Hai Ngoc Ngo

Abstract: Anthropogenic impacts, including habitat loss and overexploitation, in combination with climate change, have resulted in rapid population declines and even local extirpations in many amphibians. As an endemic amphibian species in northern Vietnam, Quasipaa acanthophora is endangered by combined human impacts and potential effects of climate change, similar to other amphibian and reptile species occurring in the same habitats. In this study, we applied the Maximum Entropy algorithm in MaxEnt software to predict the current suitable habitats and their shifts in the future under scenarios of climate change. As the current prediction, the potential distribution of Q. acanthophora covers the known occurrence sites, including Lang Son, Bac Ninh, Quang Ninh provinces, in northeastern Vietnam, and extends to the southern border of Guangxi Province, China, with a total area of approximately 1,779 km2 within the study area, 1,567 km2 in the tropical evergreen rain forest, and only 231 km2 in the protected areas. Across all scenarios of climate change, future projections consistently indicate a substantial contraction in the potential distribution of Q. acanthophora. The study identifies priority areas, particularly forests in protected areas, for conservation measures targeting Q. acanthophora populations and their natural habitats.

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DOI: 10.3897/herpetozoa.39.e191964

Authors: Dragana Stojadinović, Marko Nikolić, Jelena Mijatović, Jelena Ćorović, Bogdan Jovanović, Nada Ćosić, Jelka Crnobrnja-Isailović

Abstract: Variation in the frequency of non-lethal shell injuries was analyzed in an open population of the eastern Hermann’s tortoise (Testudo hermanni boettgeri) monitored in a complex habitat system between 2010 and 2024. Tortoises were surveyed twice per year, for six days in the last week of May and seven days in the third week of July, to collect morphometric, behavioral, life-history, and environmental data, including shell condition. The proportion of individuals with intact shells decreased from 91.4% in 2013 to 3.4% in 2024, albeit with annual fluctuations. This study revealed that various anthropogenic factors likely contribute to the increased proportion of tortoises with damaged shells in the study area, notably the intensification of regional and local transport alongside an overall rise in human presence. Natural pressures, such as increasing predator population sizes, may also contribute to this decline. In addition to overall changes in shell condition, the proportion of recorded tortoises affected by wildfires fluctuated annually from 0.4% to 81.9% and showed a large increase during the last 3 years of monitoring (the percentage of tortoises with identifiable fire marks on their shells averaged 53.73% for 2022–2024). Ultimately, these findings indicate rapid environmental changes in the study area, such as an increase in wildfires, increasing transport frequency, and a possible increase in the density of natural predators. These findings highlight the necessity for ongoing monitoring of this and other populations to ensure the prompt identification of new threats to this already imperiled species.

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DOI: 10.3897/herpetozoa.39.e202590

Authors: Zhao-Chi Zeng, Jian Wang, Shuo Qi, Han-Ming Song, Yao-Yu Cai, Yun-Sheng Zhu, Shi-Shi Lin, Yuan-Hang Li, Dan-Yang Zhou, Hao-Cong Yang, Zhi-Tong Lyu, Yi-Ping Yang, Ying-Yong Wang

Abstract: Karst landscapes across southern China represent global hotspots for vertebrate diversity and endemism, yet amphibian diversity within such habitats remains insufficiently documented. Herein, we describe Boulenophrys calciphila sp. nov., a new species discovered from fragmented karst hills in northern Guangdong Province, China, extending the documented habitat spectrum of the genus in Guangdong to limestone karst terrain. Detailed morphological comparisons coupled with phylogenetic analyses validate its taxonomic distinctness from all known congeners. This new discovery aligns with ongoing records of range-restricted anuran species uncovered from southern Chinese karst formations, reinforcing karst ecosystems as important reservoirs of amphibian diversity. Our results demonstrate that amphibian diversity within poorly-explored karst regions of northern Guangdong is substantially underestimated and call for focused conservation actions to safeguard these microendemic taxa and their unique evolutionary lineages.

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DOI: 10.3897/herpetozoa.39.e188838

Authors: Çetin Çelik, Murat Afsar, Mehmet Kürşat Şahin

Abstract: Lizards, as ectothermic organisms, are largely dependent on the thermal characteristics of their habitats for the maintenance of their biological processes. This research aims to quantitatively elucidate the correlation between the body temperature (Tb) of the Anatololacerta anatolica population on Mount Spil (Manisa), Western Anatolia, and core environmental variables at the microhabitat level, including surface temperature (Ts), air temperature (Ta), solar radiation, and wind speed. Field surveys were conducted between April and October 2025, during which cloacal body temperature data obtained from 89 individuals were analyzed alongside simultaneous microhabitat parameters. Descriptive statistical data confirmed that the species is an active thermoregulator, as the mean body temperature of the lizards (32.32 ± 4.53 °C) was found to be statistically significantly higher than both the surface temperature (30.6 ± 6.97 °C) and the air temperature (28.1 ± 4.04 °C). Multiple regression analyses demonstrated that Ts and solar radiation are the strongest positive predictors of Tb. Principal component analysis (PCA) results, explaining approximately 76% of the total variance, determined that Tb, Ts, and solar radiation clustered on the primary axis (PC1), while wind speed was situated on an independent axis (PC2) that is statistically decoupled from this radiative thermal system. The findings indicate that A. anatolica adopts a strategy integrating both solar radiation and thermal substrates, specifically heliothermy and thigmothermy, during the process of heat acquisition. It was observed that the species suppresses the convective cooling effect of wind through strategic microhabitat preferences, such as utilizing rock crevices and the base of vegetation, thereby exhibiting the Bogert effect to stabilize its thermal safety margins. Consequently, within the framework of climate change scenarios, it is essential to prioritize microhabitat-scale thermal heterogeneity and the continuity of thermal refugia over macroclimatic averages when evaluating the thermal sensitivity of the species.

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DOI: 10.3897/herpetozoa.39.e171364

Authors: Aziza Lansari, Gabriel Blouin-Demers, Olivier Lourdais, El Hassan El Mouden, Abdallah Bouazza

Abstract: Identifying how reproductive investment varies along elevational gradients is a powerful tool for understanding life-history evolution in ectotherms. In taxa with invariant clutch size, reproductive responses to harsh environments are expected to be determined by per-offspring investment (egg provisioning), while at the same time being subject to maternal body size effects. We investigated elevational variation in reproductive traits of the Atlas Day Gecko, Quedenfeldtia trachyblepharus, a diurnal high-mountain species endemic to the High Atlas Mountains (Morocco). Maternal body size increased with elevation, indicating larger females at higher sites. Egg mass and egg volume increased with maternal body size, whereas relative clutch mass (RCM) declined with female size. Importantly, high-elevation females produced larger eggs than expected for their body size. Hatchling size and body condition were positively associated with egg traits, but elevation did not explain additional variation in hatchling traits once egg traits were considered. Overall, the differences observed in offspring traits appear to be mediated by maternal egg provisioning, consistent with increased per-offspring investment that may enhance offspring survival in high-elevation environments.

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DOI: 10.3897/herpetozoa.39.e176733

Authors: Evan Seng Huat Quah, Aderina Dukit, Larry Lee Grismer, Zijia Hong

Abstract: We present a first record of feeding by the freshwater crab species, Parathelphusa pulcherrima on the frog species Hylarana nicobariensis (Ranidae) from Sabah (Borneo, Malaysia) together with a comprehensive review of crab predation on amphibians. A total of 32 crab species identifiable to 27 genera have been recorded to prey on frogs from at least 42 species in 35 genera, representing 21 families and one species of salamander to-date. The majority of the predation accounts were from the Neotropics and Afrotropics subcontinent.

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DOI: 10.3897/herpetozoa.39.e168386

Authors: N. V. Rajiv, Abhijit Das

Abstract: Amphibian surveys in remote tropical rainforests are often constrained by rugged terrain, dense vegetation, high logistical demands, and the invasive nature of observer-based methods. Passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) using autonomous recording units (ARUs) has emerged as a promising, non-invasive tool for biodiversity assess ments; however, its effectiveness can vary across taxa and landscapes. This study conducted a comparative evaluation of PAM with conventional visual encounter surveys (VES) to document the anuran community in a tropical wet evergreen forest within the Indo-Burma biodiversity hotspot. The results indicated that PAM effectively detected most visually observed species, as well as many vocally active cryptic, arboreal, and fossorial species that were missed by VES. Its ability to function effectively in dense tropical rainforests underscores its potential for broad-scale assessments, particularly in the Indo-Burma biodiversity hotspot. However, VES detected non-calling and conspicuous species, highlighting the limitations of a single-method approach. A mixed-method approach integrating PAM with VES yielded a more comprehensive inventory. These findings provide crucial insights into optimizing amphibian monitoring protocols and support the adoption of integrated survey methodologies for long-term assessments, particularly in landscapes where conventional methods are constrained by terrain and effort.

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DOI: 10.3897/herpetozoa.39.e171614

Authors: Nelson Falcón-Espitia, Juan Camilo Ríos-Orjuela, Sebastian Perez-Rojas, Dennys Plazas-Cardona, Alejandra Arias-Escobar

Abstract: Land-use change is a major driver of biodiversity loss in tropical montane ecosystems, yet its effects on herpetofaunal community structure remain insufficiently understood at local scales. We evaluated patterns of diversity and community structure of amphibians and reptiles across a gradient of habitat transformation in southwestern Cundinamarca, Colombia. Field surveys conducted between 2015 and 2022 using visual encounter surveys recorded 57 species and 608 individuals. Forest habitats supported the highest species richness and diversity, whereas coffee crops and open areas exhibited reduced richness and simplified assemblages. Rank–abundance patterns revealed greater dominance in open habitats and higher evenness in forests, consistent with environmental filtering processes. Amphibians were more strongly associated with forest environments, whereas reptiles showed broader habitat tolerance and higher representation in disturbed habitats. In addition, we compiled a comprehensive regional inventory based on field data, biological collections, and biodiversity databases, documenting 86 species of herpetofauna. Overall, our results show patterns consistent with environmental filtering, where habitat transformation is associated with increased dominance of generalist species and simplified community structure. These findings highlight the importance of conserving forest remnants and maintaining heterogeneous landscapes to support herpetofaunal diversity in the Colombian Andes.

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DOI: 10.3897/herpetozoa.39.e182878

Authors: Seung-Min Park, Kyoung-Hee Park, Seung-Ju Cheon, Ji-A Lee, Jeong Hun Kim, Ha-Cheol Sung

Abstract: The American bullfrog (Aquarana catesbeiana) is widely recognized as an invasive species with various harmful ecological impacts. Comprehensive population-specific information is required to develop effective management strategies to mitigate these impacts. However, studies examining the age structure and growth of this species, particularly within South Korean populations, are scarce. To address this gap, this study aimed to estimate the age structure and growth curve of A. catesbeiana populations in South Korea. A total of 49 individuals were collected from 10 sites in southwestern South Korea between 2019 and 2023. Age was estimated using skeletochronology, and lines of arrested growth (LAGs) were identified in bone cross-sections. Individuals were classified as males, females, or juveniles, with estimated age ranges of 1–5 years for males, 0–4 years for females, and 0–2 years for juveniles. No significant differences in age or snout–vent length were detected between sexes, whereas significant differences were observed between adults and juveniles. Because of the limited sample size, growth curves were estimated using male individuals only. The results revealed rapid growth up to 2 years of age, followed by deceleration in growth rate thereafter. Comparisons with native amphibians in South Korea indicated that the asymptotic size of A. catesbeiana is substantially larger, suggesting a high potential for ecological impacts on native amphibian communities. These findings provide population-specific information that can improve ecological risk assessment and support management efforts for A. catesbeiana under South Korean environmental conditions.

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DOI: 10.3897/herpetozoa.39.e165454

Authors: Birgit Szabo

Abstract: In captivity, reptiles often experience unnatural incubation and rearing conditions due to limited nest site choices, which can negatively impact individual development and welfare. Incubation temperature and humidity are especially critical for reptile development, influencing factors such as sex, growth and morphology. However, the conditions experienced after hatching, such as social housing, are far less often considered. Here, I studied the effects of both the incubation environment (temperature and humidity) and social rearing compared to isolation rearing on the development of captive-bred tokay geckos (Gekko gecko). I find that incubation temperature, but not humidity are associated with phenotypic sex, hatchling size and incubation duration. Furthermore, females selected nest sites with higher temperature and lower humidity. After hatching, rearing group size did not affect snout vent length, growth or body condition. My findings indicate an association between incubation temperature and phenotypic sex despite the presence of sex chromosomes in this species. Therefore, care should be taken when raising tokay geckos in captivity to provide nest-site options and ensure optimal development of all offspring.

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DOI: 10.3897/herpetozoa.39.e187919

Authors: Virender K. Bhardwaj, Amit K. Bal, Chhangte L. Tluanga, Zeeshan A. Mirza

Abstract: A new species of fossorial natricine snake, Trachischium lalremsangai sp. nov., is described from the Indo-Burma biodiversity hotspot. The holotype was collected from Murlen National Park, Mizoram, near the India–Myanmar border, while the paratype originated from Haka Township, Chin State, Myanmar. Based on morphological and molecular data, the new species is related to T. reticulata (Blyth); however, it can be diagnosed from members of the genus Trachischium by possessing 13 dorsal scale rows, two postoculars, one anterior temporal scale, and two posterior temporal scales, in addition to distinctive colouration and other scalation details. The discovery of several new snake species within the Indo-Burma biodiversity hotspot underscores the need for increased research efforts and funding dedicated to this region in the near future.

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DOI: 10.3897/herpetozoa.39.e186246

Authors: Leonardo Castro, Carla S. Guimarães, Juan F. C. Carrillo, Diego J. Santana, Sarah Mângia

Abstract: Proceratophrys boiei is a horned frog species that lives camouflaged within leaf litter and inhabits both Atlantic Forest environments and transitional areas with the Cerrado of Brazil. Its distribution covers the states of Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Paraná, and Santa Catarina. Previous studies using molecular and cytogenetic data identified three distinct lineages (North 1, North 2, and South) grouped under the taxon Proceratophrys boiei. To investigate the possibility that more than one species is currently subsumed under P. boiei, a taxonomic review of populations across the entire geographic range was conducted. Morphological and morphometric characters were evaluated in 132 individuals (80 males and 52 females); 708 calls from 66 males were analyzed for acoustic data; and osteological traits were examined in nine males, representing a total of 82 localities. Analyses were conducted based on the three lineages previously identified (N1, N2, and S), and uncorrected mtDNA p-distances for the 16S and Cytb markers were estimated among them. External morphological and osteological characters and advertisement call parameters varied among these lineages; however, most of the variation overlapped, even among individuals within the same lineage, indicating high polymorphism. Mean uncorrected mtDNA p-distances among lineages were relatively similar for 16S, ranging from 2.7% to 2.9%, whereas for Cytb, they ranged from 5.6% to 7.3%. Regarding morphometrics, specimens from the South lineage exhibited the smallest snout–vent length (SVL: 46.0 mm in males and 51.6 mm in females). Based on the results, combined with differences previously identified among the three lineages (using molecular markers, cytogenetics, and tadpole external morphology and chondrocranium), P. fryi and P. intermedia, both formerly considered synonyms of P. boiei, are revalidated, and P. boiei is redescribed, providing updated diagnostic characters and clarifying the current geographic distribution of each species.

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DOI: 10.3897/herpetozoa.39.e183441

Authors: Pratyush P. Mohapatra, Sumidh Ray, Ashis K. Das, Ranjit Satrusallya, Sudheer K. Jena, Bharath Bhupathi, Ritesh Das, Ajay Kumar Mahapatra

Abstract: Eublepharis, an Asian-endemic genus of leopard geckos, represents the third largest genus within the family Eublepharidae. India harbors six recognized species in the genus Eublepharis, representing the highest species diversity for this genus reported from any single country to date. In this work, a new species of the genus, Eublepharis jhuma sp. nov., is described based on three specimens. The new species can be diagnosed by the following combination of morphological features: (1) SVL 123–142 mm, (2) having large, flat, tubercle-like, moderately keeled scales across the dorsum, with interspaces much larger than the size of the tubercles, (3) two pale bands between the nuchal loop and caudal constriction, (4) subdigital lamellae tuberculate, (5) dorsal scales on the regenerated tail flat and rectangular, (6) 22–25 subdigital lamellae on the fourth toe, and (7) 12–13 precloacal pores. The new species is also phylogenetically distinct from all its congeners (6.9–7.8% from its closest sister species, E. satpuraensis). The discovery of a new reptile from the Chota Nagpur Plateau highlights the role of more extensive study in the region. Furthermore, its occurrence in the Kaimur Plateau, the easternmost Vindhyan escarpments, highlights the allopatric speciation from the sister species, E. satpuraensis, shaped by deep-time geological processes.

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DOI: 10.3897/herpetozoa.39.e191333

Authors: Nikolay A. Poyarkov, Vladislav A. Gorin, Son Xuan Le, Alexei V. Trofimets, Tang Van Duong, Duc Trong Nguyen, Parinya Pawangkhanant, Chatmongkon Suwannapoom, Tan Van Nguyen

Abstract: A new species of the genus Vietnamophryne is described from limestone karst forests of Quang Tri Province, central Vietnam, based on two adult male specimens and integrative analyses of morphology and mitochondrial DNA. Morphologically, Vietnamophryne abscondita sp. nov. is distinguished from other congeners by the following combination of characters: (1) medium body size (snout-vent length 18.1–19.0 mm in males, n = 2); (2) head slightly wider than long; (3) snout short, rounded in dorsal view; (4) tympanum indistinct; (5) dorsal skin finely shagreened, lacking enlarged tubercles or a median dorsal ridge; (6) Finger I longer than half of Finger II; (7) toes without webbing, bearing rounded terminal discs; (8) forelimbs and hindlimbs slender; (9) dorsum dark brown to chocolate brown, with irregular lighter mottling; (10) flanks and limbs densely speckled with pale spots; (11) ventral surface bright yellow-orange to orange on chest and belly, with dark marbling on throat and ventral surfaces of limbs; (12) lower jaw region with scattered pale blotches; and (13) indistinct pale yellow suborbital spotting extending from the eye toward the mouth corner. Phylogenetic analyses based on the long mtDNA fragment recover Vietnamophryne abscondita sp. nov. as a well-supported independent lineage, showing uncorrected p-distances exceeding 3% from all currently recognized congeners of Vietnamophryne, based on the 16S rRNA gene fragment. Although shallow genetic divergences and limited sampling complicate species boundaries within the genus, further taxonomic changes are not proposed, and current species limits are considered provisional pending comprehensive integrative revision. The discovery of this species, together with a closely related undescribed lineage from the same province, highlights the underestimated diversity of Vietnamophryne and emphasizes the Annamites (Truong Son Mountains) as a priority region for future herpetological surveys.

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DOI: 10.3897/herpetozoa.39.e188979

Authors: Yuhao Xu, Tan Van Nguyen, Jundong Deng, Tierui Zhang, Fanyue Sun, Junchang Liu, Nikolay A. Poyarkov, Lifang Peng

Abstract: A new species of the genus Scincella Mittleman, 1950, is described from Yunnan Province, China, based on an integrative taxonomic approach combining morphological and molecular evidence. The new species, Scincella verecunda sp. nov., is diagnosed by a unique combination of morphological characters, including medium body size in adult females (maximum snout–vent length of 48.7 mm); palpebral disc absent; midbody scale rows 25–26; total ventral + gular scale rows numbering 65–68; paravertebral scale rows 62–65; 6–9 enlarged lamellae beneath finger IV, 11–13 beneath toe IV; in life, the dorsum brown and scattered with a few small dark spots, the lateral surface golden-yellow, bearing numerous distinct dark spots, which sometimes connect to form vermiform markings; the dark dorsolateral stripes irregular; and toes not in contact with fingers when limbs are adpressed. Phylogenetic analyses based on concatenated mitochondrial gene sequences (12S, 16S, and CO1) recover the new species as a distinct lineage, forming a clade with S. ouboteri Pham, Pham, Le, Ngoc, Ziegler & Nguyen, S. ochracea (Bourret), and S. reevesii (Gray). The new species status of this population is further supported by marked mitochondrial divergence from its closest relatives (≥ 6.3% in 16S and ≥ 16.6% in CO1) and is currently known only from high-elevation coniferous forest in Linxiang District, Lincang City, Yunnan Province, China (at elevations between 2,113 and 2,358 m a.s.l.). Our data suggest that eyelid morphology may be homoplastic within Scincella and that not all Scincella species necessarily bear a palpebral disc on the lower eyelid. This finding underlines the need for reconsidering the morphological diagnosis of the genus Scincella and allied taxa of sphenomorphine skinks.

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DOI: 10.3897/herpetozoa.39.e183674

Authors: Claudio Reyes-Olivares, Benjamín Salinas, Juan Valdivia-Villagra, León Chávez-Jofré, Fernanda Alarcón-Toledo, Tomás Miquio-Portell, Rocío Olate-Ávila, Carezza Botto-Mahan

Abstract: Exotic species impact native biodiversity, with alien lizards acting as direct predators and indirectly as prey for other alien species (i.e., trophic subsidies). Tarentola mauritanica, a gecko introduced in Chile, lacks ecological data, complicating threat assessment. It is described as eating arthropods and lizards, and as a trophic subsidy for invasive mammals (e.g., cats) in its native range. Here, we evaluate diet and food availability between two seasons (spring and summer) and identify potential and effective predators in Santiago, Chile. The diet was analysed based on stomach contents, food availability from arthropod traps, and predator occurrence, using an integrative approach that combined faunal surveys, literature, citizen science, fieldwork, camera-traps, and faecal analysis. Tarentola mauritanica has an insectivorous diet that varies between the sampled seasons, consuming mainly Lepidoptera in spring and Coleoptera in summer, with no native lizard prey detected. A mismatch between diet dominance and environmental dominance was observed, which is consistent with some degree of selectivity. Twelve potential predators, primarily birds, were identified, and cats were confirmed as probable predators through the integrative approach. The gecko is mainly insectivorous, and seasonal selective foraging could affect arthropods, especially in urban areas with lower prey diversity and abundance. No native lizards were detected in its diet, but monitoring is advised due to its known saurophagous behavior. The data indicate that cats are probable predators; however, the highly localised scope and exploratory nature of the predator component warrants further evaluation. These findings enhance our understanding of community dynamics and the potential trophic impacts of T. mauritanica in Chile.

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DOI: 10.3897/herpetozoa.39.e173419

Authors: Rogemif Fuentes, Abel Batista, Marcos Ponce, Mario Urriola, Katherine Muñóz, Melquiades Castillo, Jesse Aschcroft, Alexis Baules-Aguilar, Eduardo Zambrano, Jesús Elduayen, Eleodoro Bonilla, Orlando Garcés, Yostin Añino, Kedric González, Luis C. Rodríguez, Tadeáš Venkrbec, Helio Quintero-Arrieta, Eric E. Flores

Abstract: The genera Hydromorphus and Tretanorhinus (Colubridae) comprise uncommon, poorly studied aquatic snakes, largely because of their nocturnal and aquatic habits. In Panama, four species have been recorded: Hydromorphus concolor, H. dunni, Tretanorhinus mocquardi, and T. nigroluteus. Although more than a century has passed since the first Panamanian record, knowledge of their distribution, morphology, ecology, and behavior remains limited. Through an exhaustive literature review and fieldwork, we updated their distribution and provided seven new records for H. dunni, 16 for H. concolor, six for T. mocquardi, and five for T. nigroluteus. For H. dunni, the only previously known record was the holotype from the original description. We documented substantial range extensions, especially for H. dunni, with new records extending its known distribution by 228 km northeast to Donoso (Colón Province) and 273 km southeast to Altos de Campana National Park, representing the most distant records for the species to date. We report new localities in Darién Province for T. mocquardi and in Bocas del Toro Province for T. nigroluteus, collectively refining the known distribution of these aquatic snakes in Panama. We identified previously unreported variation in the arrangement and number of cephalic scales, particularly in H. dunni, strengthening the morphological basis for taxonomic diagnosis. We also provide an updated morphological dichotomous key. In addition, we contribute to knowledge of the trophic ecology of T. nigroluteus by documenting a direct case of necrophagy during captive feeding trials. Overall, this study provides new information on these taxa in Panama, improves their ecological characterization, and may support future conservation efforts.

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DOI: 10.3897/herpetozoa.39.e187284

Authors: Tuo Shen, Lang Mu, Shize Li, Jing Liu, Chaobo Feng, Xiaokai Yang, Shuhua Yuan, Yixin Diao, Haijun Su

Abstract: Our study reports a new distribution record for the recently described species Boulenophrys daxuemontis in Nayong County, Guizhou Province, expanding its known range. Furthermore, we provide the first systematic description and quantification of its advertisement call characteristics. Its advertisement call consists of a series of repeated pulsative calls, with a mean call duration of 144.91 ± 24.55 ms and a mean dominant frequency of 3.56 ± 0.12 kHz. Additionally, a detailed quantitative comparison was conducted between its advertisement calls and those of its sister species, Boulenophrys jiangi. Principal component analysis revealed that parameters such as pulse rate, number of pulses per call, and dominant frequency separated the two species in call space, effectively distinguishing these morphologically similar sister species. These unique acoustic features provide evidence supporting the taxonomic status of B. daxuemontis. While our sample size is limited, these findings provide foundational data for future study. Our study not only enriches the fundamental biological database for the genus Boulenophrys but also offers important reference data for biodiversity assessment, conservation, and acoustic identification of cryptic amphibian species in the region.

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DOI: 10.3897/herpetozoa.39.e184954

Authors: Luis Canseco-Márquez, Christoph I. Grünwald, Jacobo Reyes-Velasco, Carlos Montaño-Ruvalcaba, Jonathan A. Campbell

Abstract: We describe a new species of Charadrahyla from the Sierra Juárez portion of the Sierra Madre Oriental in the state of Oaxaca, Mexico, and provide morphological and molecular data to support the novelty of this species. The new species is most similar to Charadrahyla nephila, with which it has been confused in the past. We report on adult, larval, and juvenile specimens of this new species and parapatric C. nephila. We also report a novel population of the endangered Charadrahyla sakbah from the Sierra Monteflor portion of the Sierra Madre Oriental, also in Oaxaca, which significantly extends its known distribution. We provide an updated distribution map for species of Charadrahyla inhabiting Oaxaca. Finally, we provide conservation recommendations for various species in this genus, at least four of which should be considered Endangered.

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DOI: 10.3897/herpetozoa.39.e186041

Authors: Zongying Li, Shuo Qi, Hanming Song, Haotian Wang, Yiyang Zhao, Yanxiang Shi, Yingyong Wang

Abstract: The Yingde Leopard Gecko (Goniurosaurus yingdeensis) is a critically endangered reptile restricted to a narrow-fragmented karst region in China. Investigating the role of terrestrial islands in biodiversity generation by conducting genetic analyses of G. yingdeensis can offer insights into the ecological and evolutionary dynamics of inselbergs, while also providing theoretical and practical guidance for future conservation of this species. In this study, we employed 20 pairs of SSR primers to assess the genetic diversity and analyze the population structure of 86 individuals from 10 geographical populations of G. yingdeensis. The results revealed low genetic diversity in G. yingdeensis. Populations exhibited a high degree of genetic differentiation and a low level of gene flow, which may contribute to the loss of genetic diversity due to genetic drift. Clustering analyses indicated that the genetic differentiation between one population and the other nine was the most pronounced. Furthermore, the genetic distance among G. yingdeensis populations was found to be influenced by more than just spatial distance. This study demonstrates that for species with limited dispersal capability such as G. yingdeensis, karst inselbergs function similarly to aquatic islands in evolutionary processes: gene flow is restricted to a small range by geographic barriers, isolated populations evolve independently, and genetic differentiation increases over time. Among the factors contributing to population isolation in G. yingdeensis, rivers play the most significant role.

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DOI: 10.3897/herpetozoa.39.e122775

Authors: Muhamad F. Syafiq, Baizul Hafsyam Badli-Sham, Syed Ahmad Fariduddin, Mohd Izham Mohd A Wahid, Mohamad Aqmal-Naser, Farah Hazirah Amir, Gukaaneswaran Kaliyappan, Nur Nadhirah Sapri, Nurziattul Farhana Nordin, Muhammad Shahril-Ridhwan, Joehan Azzimin, Tng Kei Li, Ng Shu Xin, Muhammad Fahmi-Ahmad, Syed Ahmad Rizal, Amirrudin B. Ahmad

Abstract: We present the first checklist of herpetofauna in Bukit Maras (Malaysia) based on surveys conducted from 2019 to 2023. Visual Encounter Surveys (VES) and drift-fenced pitfall traps were employed as collection methods. Our study documented a total of 55 herpetofauna species, comprising 23 amphibians and 32 reptiles. Among these, the critically endangered species, Manouria emys (according to the IUCN Red List) is a species of high conservation concern. The individual-based rarefaction and extrapolation sampling curves were approaching completeness, which indicates that only a few additional species could be discovered if further sampling is conducted. A species-habitat network analysis revealed variations in species composition across different habitat types. Notably, secondary forest exhibited higher herpetofaunal diversity compared to agricultural areas. Overall, the herpetofaunal diversity in Bukit Maras is relatively diverse but the observed disparity in herpetofaunal diversity between the secondary forest and agricultural areas highlights the vulnerability of forest-dependent species to habitat conversion. This suggests a significant decline in overall species richness and potential biotic homogenisation if Bukit Maras is entirely converted to agriculture.

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DOI: 10.3897/herpetozoa.39.e173880

Authors: Nikolay Natchev, Egon Heiss

Abstract: We report on a population of smooth newts (Lissotriton vulgaris) from the vicinity of Jena (Germany), in which we detected the presence of sessile peritrich ciliates of the genus Apiosoma. The zooids of the ciliates were found in the oropharynx of the urodelans during their aquatic annual phase. We performed histological and SEM investigations to document and identify the protists. The histological studies indicated that the ciliate zooids were firmly attached to the oral epithelium of the newts and were abundant throughout the oral cavity. The SEM investigation demonstrated that the ciliates densely covered the dorsal epithelium of the newt’s tongue. We discuss the potential implications of the presence of numerous relatively large ciliate zooids on the movement of the water volumes during the aquatic prey capture and prey transport in the newts.

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DOI: 10.3897/herpetozoa.39.e178255

Authors: Günter Gollmann, Birgit Gollmann

Abstract: Proteus tritonius Laurenti, 1768 has long been regarded as the larva of Triton alpestris Laurenti, 1768. It is the type species of Ichthyosaura Sonnini & Latreille, 1801, the oldest available generic name for the Alpine newt, Triton being preoccupied by a senior homonym. Mutz and Böhme (2025) declared Proteus tritonius a nomen dubium, based on new interpretation of Laurenti’s text, and moved it to the synonymy of Salamandra salamandra (Linnaeus, 1758) by a neotype designation. We challenge the validity of this neotype designation, because Mutz and Böhme (2025) ignored evidence contradicting their argumentation, and the morphology of the neotype does not conform with the description of P. tritonius.

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DOI: 10.3897/herpetozoa.39.e175324

Authors: Caichun Peng, Tuo Shen, Shize Li, Jing Liu, Ronghuan Ye, Dengjiang Li, Jijun Chen, Xiujun Tang, Haijun Su

Abstract: The genus Gracixalus is a group of small and medium-sized rhacophorid frogs for which many new species have been described recently, yet little is known about their biology. Gracixalus weii is a species recently described in Guizhou Province, China, whose acoustic characterization was lacking. The advertisement call has a central role in the reproduction of frogs. We present the first detailed acoustic description for G. weii based on recordings from six individuals obtained at the type locality, Leigongshan Nature Reserve. We collected and analyzed 182 calls, and classified them into two different types (Type A and Type B) based on their call structure and note composition. Type A calls (33 calls from two males) consist of an introductory note followed by two click notes, with a mean total duration of 726.59 ± 119.11 ms and a dominant frequency of 2.46 ± 0.10 kHz. Type B calls (149 calls from all six males) comprise an introductory note and a single click note, mean 481.07 ± 77.03 ms in call duration, with a mean dominant frequency of 2.58 ± 0.15 kHz. Both call types exhibit broad frequency ranges (2.0–21.0 kHz). Among individuals possessing both type A and type B calls, type A calls account for 41.9%–69.0% of the vocalizations, while type B calls comprise 31.0%–58.1%. We found that the type A advertisement call of G. weii is similar to the song structure of the thrush Turdus dissimilis. The complex spectral structure may suggest a case of evolutionary convergence between certain anurans and birds in the use of acoustic signals. The advertisement calls of G. weii are notably distinct from those of other known Gracixalus species. These differences provide acoustic evidence supporting the species taxonomic validity. Our findings underscore the value of bioacoustic data in species identification and contribute basic information for future study on the behavior, ecology, and diversity of the understudied Gracixalus genus.

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DOI: 10.3897/herpetozoa.39.e167762

Authors: João Rato, Maria Silva, Tatiana Catarrinho, Rúben Filipe, Shaquille Matthys, Pedro Brandão, Pedro Anastácio, Filipe Banha

Abstract: We report the first records of non-native freshwater turtles in Portugal, highlighting the growing diversity of species introduced in addition to the known Trachemys scripta and Mauremys sinensis. In 2024 and 2025, we surveyed 39 sites across Portugal and confirmed the presence of seven non-native species at seven sites. While T. scripta remained the most frequently recorded species (n = 68), M. sinensis, Graptemys pseudogeographica and different species of Pseudemys, were also captured, especially in Lisbon and Sintra. Remarkably, a high number of M. sinensis juveniles (n = 12) were captured, which could be explained by reproduction in nature. Notably, we documented the first evidence of nesting behaviour by G. pseudogeographica in Sintra, indicating the potential for this species’ establishment in the wild. These findings suggest that both illegal and legal non-native turtle pets are being released into Portuguese ecosystems. Our results highlight the need for broader preventative measures, as other introduced species may follow similar invasion pathways with unknown ecological impacts.

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DOI: 10.3897/herpetozoa.38.e172180

Authors: Abdulhadi Aloufi, Mohammed Al Zayer, Mohammad A. Abu Baker, Zuhair S. Amr

Abstract: The herpetofauna of nine Saudi Arabian islands in the Arabian Gulf was studied. A total of 20 species of amphibians and reptiles within 12 families was reported. The number of species per island ranged from one in four islands to 11 in Tarout Island and tended to increase with island area. The colonization of species was made possible by human introduction, especially of geckos. A classification based on species presence/absence data ranked the islands according to their similarity, geographical location, size, and human use, which influenced reptile communities. A comparison between the reptiles on other islands belonging to the United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, and Iran in the Arabian Gulf was also presented.

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DOI: 10.3897/herpetozoa.38.e175753

Authors: Pratyush P. Mohapatra, Sumidh Ray, Ashis K. Das, Bharath Bhupathi, Vivek Sarkar, Rakesh K. Mohalik, Manoj V. Nair, Sushil K. Dutta

Abstract: We describe a new species of large-bodied, rock-dwelling gecko of the genus Hemidactylus from the Eastern Ghats of Odisha, India. The new species is genetically distinct, as already indicated in previous studies, and differs from all other congeners in a combination of morphological characters, such as dorsal scalation of small granules intermixed with large, pointed, trihedral tubercles that form 15–19 fairly regularly arranged longitudinal rows at midbody; 9–11 subdigital lamellae below the first and 12–14 below the fourth digit; 22–26 femoral pores separated by five poreless scales in males; and 11–13 supralabials and 9–11 infralabials. The new species is from the Eastern Ghats clade of large-bodied, tuberculated Hemidactylus and can be readily diagnosed morphologically from the two sister species, H. sushilduttai and H. kangerensis, in having characters such as the second postmental distinct and ~70% of the first postmental; the first postmental touching infralabial I and the second postmental touching infralabials I and II; and one post-cloacal spur on each side. The new species is distributed in the northern Eastern Ghats range of Odisha, inhabiting moist and dry deciduous forests and rock boulders and occasionally entering human habitations.

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DOI: 10.3897/herpetozoa.38.e163261

Authors: Boglárka Mészáros, Krisztián Halász, Éva Szakács

Abstract: Body color abnormalities can significantly affect reptile fitness, as coloration plays a key role in ecological interactions such as mate selection, predator avoidance, and protection from environmental factors. Albinism—one of the most well-known color abnormalities—is caused by the absence of melanin. In wild snake populations, albinism cases are rare. This study reports the first documented cases of albino Aesculapian snakes (Zamenis longissimus) in Hungary.

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DOI: 10.3897/herpetozoa.38.e171400

Authors: Yi-Yang Zhao, Shi-Shi Lin, Yuan-Hang Li, Zhi-Tong Lyu, Ke Zheng, Zhao-Chi Zeng, Amaël Borzée, Jian Wang

Abstract: The genus Boulenophrys is predominantly distributed in China and exhibits high species diversity. However, accurate conservation assessments for this genus are hindered by its unresolved taxonomy, which is linked to morphological conservatism, sympatric distribution patterns, and limited field survey data. In this study, we describe a new species, namely Boulenophrys yangchunensis sp. nov., and report new locality records for B. acuta (Wang, Li & Jin, 2014) and B. yunkaiensis Qi, Wang, Lyu & Wang, 2021 from western Guangdong Province, China. Additionally, we propose downlisting B. acuta, currently listed as Critically Endangered (CR) on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, to a lower threat category, and we recommend an extinction risk category update for Boulenophrys yangchunensis sp. nov., B. yunkaiensis, and B. gaolanensis Song, Wang, Qi, Wang & Wang, 2024. We further discuss key conservation challenges and provide targeted management recommendations to address these challenges.

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DOI: 10.3897/herpetozoa.38.e167113

Authors: Bharath Bhupathi, Sumidh Ray, B. Laxmi Narayana, M. Karuthapandi, Deepa Jaiswal, Niladri B. Kar, Pratyush P. Mohapatra

Abstract: A new species of the genus Hemiphyllodactylus (slender geckos) is described from the Tirumala Hill ranges in the Seshachalam Biosphere Reserve of the southern Eastern Ghats, Andhra Pradesh, southern India. This novel species exhibits 9.7–12.9% divergence in uncorrected pairwise distances of NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 (ND2) sequence data from its closely related congeners in peninsular India, namely H. jnana (9.5–12.6%), H. nilgiriensis (10.9–12.9%), and H. peninsularis (10.5–11.2%), and had previously been suggested as an undescribed species by earlier researchers based on molecular phylogenetic analyses. The new species, represented by five individuals, reached a maximum observed snout–vent length (SVL) of 33.7 mm and differs from its peninsular Indian congeners by the following combination of characters: 12–16 chin scales; 16–17 dorsal scales; 9–11 ventral scales at midbody; males with 6–8 precloacal pores and 5–7 femoral pores on each thigh, separated by 7–10 poreless scales; and lamellar formula of manus 2-2-2-2 and pes 2-2-2-2. This is the second species of the genus Hemiphyllodactylus to be reported from Andhra Pradesh, after H. arakuensis.

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DOI: 10.3897/herpetozoa.38.e165088

Authors: Zhong Huang, Zhao-Chi Zeng, Jian Wang, Hao-Tian Wang, Zhen-Hai Deng, Zhi-Wei Wang, Xiao-Wen Liao, Yun-Ming Mo

Abstract: In this study, we describe a new species of the species-rich genus Leptobrachella, Leptobrachella yachangensis sp. nov., from northwestern Guangxi, China, based on a combination of molecular and morphological data. The new species is a sister taxon to L. wumingensis Chen, Peng, Li & Yu, 2023, with discrete, diagnostic differences from all other congeners. We also discussed the phenomenon and causes of the high diversity within this genus as well as the conservation of its congeners.

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DOI: 10.3897/herpetozoa.38.e162906

Authors: Tianyu Qian, Cheng Li, Sining Huang, Bo Chen, Yujuan Guo, Jianping Jiang

Abstract: During a rapid survey in Wuyishan, China, tadpoles of three Quasipaa species were collected from the same stream. Molecular data confirmed that these tadpoles belong to Q. exilispinosa, Q. spinosa, and Q. jiulongensis. Their external morphology was examined and described. Based on our initial observations, the tadpoles of these three species can be distinguished in the field by the following coloration patterns: Q. jiulongensis lacks large spots on the upper tail musculature; Q. spinosa exhibits a dark stripe at the body–tail junction when viewed from above; and Q. exilispinosa has large spots on the upper tail musculature but lacks a dark stripe at the body–tail junction. This study provides the first description of the tadpole of Q. jiulongensis.

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DOI: 10.3897/herpetozoa.38.e166855

Authors: Lukáš Pola, Damien M. Egan, Faris A. Mukhtar, Abdulaziz A. Alkaboor, Neil Rowntree, Euan Ferguson, Denis Hlaváč, Mohammed AlMutairi, Mohammed Shobrak, Salvador Carranza, Ricardo O. Ramalho, David Olson, Jiří Šmíd

Abstract: The genus Tropiocolotes comprises small geckos distributed across the Saharo–Arabian biogeographic realm, yet the taxonomy and distribution of several species, particularly those in Saudi Arabia, remain poorly understood. Historical confusion between T. nattereri and T. steudneri has been compounded by the recent description of T. yomtovi, a species morphologically very similar to T. nattereri, and the discovery of another genetically distinct lineage closely related to the two species. Here, we combine data obtained from recent field surveys in northwestern Saudi Arabia (Tabuk and Medina Provinces) with mitochondrial (12S and ND2) and nuclear (c-mos and MC1R) genetic markers to clarify species identities and assess the presence of cryptic diversity. DNA barcoding confirms that all newly collected material belongs to T. yomtovi, including populations previously assigned to T. nattereri. Mitochondrial genetic distances between the lineages are comparable to interspecific levels, and the haplotype network analyses revealed no allele sharing amongst the lineages of the T. nattereri group. Species distribution modelling further suggests that suitable habitats for T. yomtovi extend well beyond its currently known range. In addition to showing new data supporting the distribution of T. yomtovi in Saudi Arabia, we provide an overview of the Saudi endemic T. wolfgangboehmei, including a new record from approximately 200 km south of its type locality in central Saudi Arabia.

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DOI: 10.3897/herpetozoa.38.e165173

Authors: Dmitriy V. Arkhipov, Parinya Pawangkhanant, Goutam Sarker, Vladislav A. Gorin, Andrey M. Bragin, Tan Van Nguyen, Amir Hamidy, Mohd Abdul Muin, Nia Kurniawan, Rafe M. Brown, Chatmongkon Suwannapoom, Eric Smith, Nikolay A. Poyarkov

Abstract: A review of the taxonomic status of the Ingerophrynus parvus species complex, based on morphological, bioacoustic, and molecular data, revealed a new species from southern Thailand, which we describe as Ingerophrynus сhrysolophus sp. nov. The new species is distinguished from its congeners by the combination of the following morphological characters: parotoid elongate, narrow, and sharply raised; warts on flanks less elevated than those of dorsum; cranial crests not thickened behind eyes; lores vertical; tympanum distinct, its diameter slightly exceeding two-thirds of eye length; tibia short; first finger longer than second; tip of third toe not reaching median subarticular tubercle of fourth toe; subarticular tubercles not enlarged; tarsal spine bases small; nuptial pads present; venter with low warts; ground color of flanks and dorsum light brown; dark brown stripes along the midline of the back; cranial ridges well-developed, bright orange. Phylogenetic analysis of the mtDNA fragment, including the 12S rRNA, 16S rRNA, and ND1 gene sequences (up to 4,479 bp), confirms the placement of the new species as a sister of Ingerophrynus parvus s. str. (p-distance 5.37%). The genetic distinctiveness of Ingerophrynus сhrysolophus sp. nov. and I. parvus s. str. is further confirmed by not sharing haplotypes of three nuclear genes (POMC, BDNF, and RAG1). Bioacoustic analysis revealed stable differences between the male advertisement calls of the two species. Furthermore, ecological modeling shows that the new species is allopatric with respect to I. parvus s. str.; their ranges are likely separated by a biogeographical boundary of the Kangar-Pattani Line. The new species is currently known from low- to mid-elevations (ca. 65–1,000 m a.s.l.) in tropical forests of southern and western Thailand, southern Myanmar, and southwest Cambodia. We suggest the new species be considered Least Concern (LC) according to the IUCN Red List criteria. Our study further underscores the urgent need for intensified integrative taxonomic research of the genus Ingerophrynus to clarify the taxonomy of wide-ranging species complexes and to elaborate effective conservation measures.

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DOI: 10.3897/herpetozoa.38.e163473

Authors: Ibrahim Khalil Al Haidar, Najmul Hasan, Md. Rafiqul Islam, Md. Asir Uddin, Harij Uddin, Md. Towfiq Hasan, Md. Habib Ullah, Najlin Jahan, Jadab Kumar Biswas, Mohammad Abdul Wahed Chowdhury

Abstract: Bangladesh is a country of rich biodiversity, including herpetofauna, across diverse ecosystems. This study reviews snake diversity and distribution patterns in Bangladesh, identifying 141 species in the existing literature. However, we confirmed the presence of 89 species based on documentation in literature, research-grade data in online repositories, and verified photographs on social media. Among them, the family Colubridae comprises 35%, followed by Elapidae (26%), Natricidae (13%), and others. Regarding envenomations, 70% of the species are non-venomous and 30% are venomous. Three species (Acrochordus granulatus, Boiga westermanni, and Dieurostus dussumieri) were considered regionally extinct in the absence of sightings in the past five decades. Sixteen species were deleted due to unreliable reports or misidentifications, while Ahaetulla sahyadrensis and Rhabdophis helleri were added. Additionally, we hypothesize that 33 species may inhabit Bangladesh, considering their ecological distribution. We illustrated the geographical distribution patterns of confirmed species using kernel density estimation (KDE), identifying the mixed evergreen forests in the southeast and northeast and the mangrove forests in the southwest as densely populated habitats. This study enhances the understanding of snake diversity and distribution in Bangladesh and underscores the need for further research and conservation efforts to prevent species extinction.

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DOI: 10.3897/herpetozoa.38.e162512

Authors: Andrés Taucare‐Ríos, Dyana Leiva, Jheremy Mendez-Yovera, Claudio Reyes-Olivares

Abstract: Body temperature is fundamental for the ecology of ectotherms due to its direct effect on their fitness. The thermoregulation of small reptiles involves a regulatory process that depends on morphophysiological and behavioural adjustments, along with environmental thermal characteristics, to maintain as close as possible to their optimum temperature. In this study, we evaluated the thermoregulation capacity of Phyllodactylus gerrhopygus, a relatively small and crepuscular-nocturnal gecko. Specifically, the aims of the present work were: 1) to determine if this species behaves as a thermoregulator or thermoconformer species, 2) to examine if the preferred body temperatures (Tpref) vary during the hours of potential thermoregulation and 3) if there are differences in daily patterns of Tpref and thermoregulation between juveniles and adults. In the field, we recorded the Tb of geckos and the substrate (Ts) and air (Ta) temperatures from their refuges. In the laboratory, we evaluated Tpref by recording the temperature geckos selected in a thermal gradient at different times of the day. We found a positive association between Tb and Ts. The positive correlation between Tb and refuge temperature suggests that P. gerrhopygus is a thigmothermic and thermoconformer species. Both juveniles and adults select similar temperatures and neither of them thermoregulates. The Tpref was significantly higher during the evening (32.23 ± 5.91 °C) than the morning period (25.2 ± 9.02 °C). We did not find differences between juveniles and adults. Our results are similar to those found in other phylogenetically close lizards, suggesting a strong phylogenetic inertia in thermal preferences.

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DOI: 10.3897/herpetozoa.38.e162384

Authors: Linda Grapci-Kotori, Donard Geci, Halil Ibrahimi, Astrit Bilalli, Milaim Musliu, Danniella Sherwood

Abstract: Three new species of Colubridae are reported for the Republic of Kosovo for the first time in the published literature: Platyceps najadum (Eichwald, 1831), Telescopus fallax (Fleischmann, 1831), and Zamenis situla (Linnaeus, 1758). Literature on bites from these genera is reviewed, and it is demonstrated that no new dangerously venomous snakes are recorded for Kosovo.

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DOI: 10.3897/herpetozoa.38.e153679

Authors: Janette Siebert, Stephan Burgstaller, Yurii V. Kornilev, Maria M. Krall, David Hamernik, Janis Kremser, Anna Loupal, Magdalena Spießberger, Johann G. Zaller, Silke Schweiger, Wolfram Graf, Daniel Dörler, Florian Heigl, Lukas Landler

Abstract: The loss of suitable spawning habitats is a global threat to amphibians. Thus, establishing man-made ponds may serve as a successful conservation practice to counteract this threat. In this experiment, we used a citizen science (CS) approach to create mini-ponds in private gardens and asked participants to monitor amphibian activity. We provided 302 polyethylene mini-ponds (120 L × 90 W × 40 D cm) to citizen scientists across the range of the target species, the European green toad (Bufotes viridis), in Austria. In the first year of the experiment (2024), B. viridis and 12 other amphibian taxa were recorded at 38% of the monitored sites. Signs of amphibian reproduction were detected in 10% of the mini-ponds. Bayesian occupancy models showed detection probabilities consistent with other studies. Over time, we expect more amphibians to discover the mini-ponds and more individuals to use them for reproduction. Our experiment demonstrates that the creation of relatively small ponds is a promising method for supporting and monitoring amphibian populations.

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DOI: 10.3897/herpetozoa.38.e159978

Authors: Dimitris Margaritoulis, Dimitris Fytilis, Nikos Manias, Aliki Panagopoulou, Panagiota Theodorou, ALan F. Rees

Abstract: Sporadic nesting events (i.e., any evidence of nesting or attempted nesting) of loggerhead sea turtles Caretta caretta, outside of the systematically monitored nesting areas, were recorded over 40 years (1985–2024) in the Ionian Sea, Greece. Most nesting events were reported by the public. Accumulated records show a wide distribution of nesting events along the coasts, without a considerable north–south gradient—contrasting with a similar study in the Aegean Sea, where nesting was rather uncommon in northern latitudes. This discrepancy is attributed to the different temperature regimes between the two marine areas. Beaches with frequently reported nesting events should be surveyed systematically to assess their nesting magnitude. The consequences of a possible northward expansion of loggerhead nesting in the Ionian are discussed.

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DOI: 10.3897/herpetozoa.38.e144100

Authors: Tomás M. Rodríguez-Cabrera, Javier Torres, Ernesto Morell Savall

Abstract: Interspecific and intraspecific niche partitioning have been widely documented in sympatric snakes. Size variation and ecological differentiation in co-occurring Tropidophis in Cuba suggest differences in diet. We compared dietary composition and niche breadth among three species of Tropidophis in central Cuba: T. pardalis (n = 13), T. semicinctus (n = 28), and T. melanurus (n = 86; 80 large, 6 small individuals). We found complete overlap in diet composition among T. pardalis, T. semicinctus, and small T. melanurus, all of which specialized on lizards of the genus Anolis. In contrast, large T. melanurus had a distinct diet, consisting mostly of amphibians (95%), particularly the Cuban treefrog (Osteopilus septentrionalis; ca. 70%) and two species of toads of the genus Peltophryne (ca. 26%), suggesting an ontogenetic shift in the diet of T. melanurus. The three species of Tropidophis had a narrow trophic niche (B′ ≤ 0.280).

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DOI: 10.3897/herpetozoa.38.e147858

Authors: Dionisios Iakovidis, Nikolaos Gogolos, Thomas Daftsios

Abstract: The number of alien freshwater turtle records has increased in Greece in recent years. These species happen to be high in demand by the aquatic pet trade, and thus anthropogenic mediation has facilitated their dispersal beyond any natural barriers. The deleterious effects of these species on native biodiversity have long been documented. Here, we report for the first time the presence of the Chinese stripe-necked turtle (Mauremys sinensis) on the island of Lesvos, Greece. Lesvos Island has been heavily monitored in the past, revealing the presence of Trachemys scripta. Mauremys sinensis is now the second invasive species on an island, where the population of Emys orbicularis is decreasing faster than previously expected. We urge swift action to assess the population status of the newly discovered invasive species as well as the added effects it may have along with T. scripta on the two native species, Emys orbicularis and Mauremys rivulata.

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DOI: 10.3897/herpetozoa.38.e153941

Authors: D. James Harris, Idriss Bouam, A. Isabel Ferreira

Abstract: Previous phylogeographic assessments within species of the lacertid genus Ophisops have consistently revealed high levels of genetic diversity, suggestive of multiple cryptic species complexes. The snake-eyed lizard Ophisops elegans, endemic to the Mediterranean region and Central Asia, is no exception, although specimens of the North African endemic Ophisops occidentalis from Libya were not distinct from sympatric O. elegans individuals based on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) markers. However, the most westerly populations of these two species from Morocco and Algeria were not assessed. Here, we analyzed partial 16S rRNA mtDNA sequences and partial MC1R nuclear sequences from Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia for comparison with previously published data. Our estimates of relationships based on both markers support the hypothesis that all North African populations form a clade, consistent with an east-to-west colonization pattern across this region. Additional mtDNA sublineages were identified, further highlighting genetic diversity in remote areas. While the genetic data indicate that a single species should be recognized in North Africa, high diversity within O. elegans across the remainder of its range still requires further investigation prior to a taxonomic revision differentiating taxa within this species complex.

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DOI: 10.3897/herpetozoa.38.e151017

Authors: Mehmet Kürşat Şahin

Abstract: Understanding the factors shaping species distributions is essential for predicting their responses to environmental change. The genus Hemorrhois (horseshoe whip snakes) comprises ecologically diverse colubrid snakes found across the Mediterranean Basin, North Africa, the Middle East, and Central Asia. Despite this broad range, their ecological niches and distributional dynamics remain understudied. This study employs ecological niche modeling (ENM) to assess the biogeography, niche differentiation, and potential climate-driven range shifts of H. algirus, H. hippocrepis, H. nummifer, and H. ravergieri under future climate scenarios. Using species occurrence data and bioclimatic variables, I constructed ensemble models to predict suitable habitats, evaluate niche overlap, and quantify potential range changes. Results indicate significant variation in climate-driven distributional responses among species. Hemorrhois algirus is projected to expand across North Africa, whereas H. hippocrepis, H. nummifer, and H. ravergieri may face range contractions under high-emission scenarios. Niche analyses suggest moderate overlap between H. algirus and H. hippocrepis, implying historical and ecological connectivity, while H. nummifer and H. ravergieri display distinct environmental preferences. Climatic and geographic barriers—such as the Sahara Desert, the Dardanelles and Istanbul Straits, the Alps, and the Pyrenees Mountains—play crucial roles in shaping their evolutionary trajectories. Given the increasing threats of climate change and habitat loss, this study underscores the need for conservation strategies prioritizing habitat connectivity, species-specific management, and climate refugia. By integrating ecological and evolutionary perspectives, this research contributes to understanding Mediterranean and Western Palearctic reptile biogeography and their responses to environmental change.

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DOI: 10.3897/herpetozoa.38.e161288

Authors: Ilias Strachinis, Dionisios Iakovidis, Nikolaos Gogolos, Athanasios Papagoras, Thomas Daftsios

Abstract: The Ottoman viper (Montivipera xanthina) was previously known to occur only as far west as the Rodopi Prefecture, Greece. Here, we report a newly discovered population in the Drama Prefecture, extending the species’ known range approximately 130 km westward. The population was confirmed through field surveys, during which several individuals were recorded. Habitat analysis suggests that this population is more likely part of a previously undocumented, continuous range, facilitated by suitable ecological corridors. Our findings underscore the underexplored biodiversity of Eastern Macedonia and Thrace and highlight the need for further herpetological surveys in the region. This range extension has important implications for conservation planning, biodiversity assessment, and public health preparedness.

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DOI: 10.3897/herpetozoa.38.e153017

Authors: Ivona Burić, Boris Lauš, Saudin Merdan, Daria Kranželić, Slađana Gvozdenović Nikolić, Vuk Iković, Ana Ćurić, Duje Lisičić

Abstract: The Mosor rock lizard, Dinarolacerta mosorensis (Kolombatović, 1886), is an understudied lacertid species. It is geographically isolated within the Dinaric Alps and is categorized as Near Threatened on the IUCN Red List. Historical and newly collected records were evaluated to assess the distribution, range, and conservation status of the Mosor rock lizard. Our results show that most range localities and suitable habitats are found in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Montenegro, whereas Croatia comprises less than 2% of the total global range. We extended the species’ range further north and reconfirmed its presence west of the Neretva River. In total, we identified 33 localities—encompassing mountains, canyons, and plateaus—of which nine are new. The maximum elevation at which the species has been documented is 2,031 m a.s.l., with 91% of records occurring above 1,000 m a.s.l. The Area of Occupancy (AOO), calculated using 2 × 2 km grids, is 528 km², whereas the Extent of Occurrence (EOO) is estimated at 18,725.34 km². Despite significant variation in protected area coverage among countries, 44% of the species’ known AOO is within protected areas. Given that global climate change is the main threat to this species, there is an urgent need for targeted data collection and improved management strategies to ensure its long-term protection.

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DOI: 10.3897/herpetozoa.38.e151358

Authors: Kostadin Andonov, Angel Dyugmedzhiev, Simeon Lukanov, Emiliya Vacheva, Georgi Popgeorgiev, Daniela Nedeltcheva-Antonova, Borislav Naumov

Abstract: Snakes heavily depend on chemical communication and use chemical cues for trailing, foraging, searching for mates, and other behaviors. Snake pheromones reported so far are complex mixtures, consisting mainly of heavy, long-chained ketones. However, such ketones cannot be detected in the sex pheromones of some species, and for others, airborne compounds are suggested to participate in intersexual communication. Thus, to establish whether a certain compound is part of the snake sex pheromone, behavioral assays should be performed. The most frequently found ketones in the skin extracts of Vipera ammodytes (Linnaeus, 1758) are 2-pentacosanone and 2-heptacosanone, which are hypothesized to participate in intraspecific communication. In the present study, we test male and female individuals’ responses to paper towels soaked with these two ketones (separately and together), n-hexane, heptacosane, and a control. We suggest that the ketones produced by V. ammodytes have a role in intraspecific communication and demonstrate that they elicit specific courtship-related behaviors in males, but not in females. Our results further show that 2-pentacosanone and 2-heptacosanone evoke sexual attraction, with their combination proving more effective than either compound alone, although the modest response suggests that other compounds may also be involved. We suggest that there are additional compounds, of a different nature, that most likely constitute the female sex pheromone. We hypothesize that males can also produce these ketones, which may provide them with a mating advantage by emitting false cues to rivals.

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DOI: 10.3897/herpetozoa.38.e143850

Authors: Henrik Bringsøe, Daniel Jablonski, Klaus Birch

Abstract: In snakes, predatory attacks on oversized prey are not uncommon. Here, we describe an adult female Vipera berus that likely bit and intended to swallow an oversized young hare, Lepus europaeus. The estimated mass of the hare was about 10 times greater than that of the viper. The event took place in Denmark, on 10 August 2022. We suggest that the adder under these circumstances might have benefited from a large prey to gain maximum energy after likely having given birth. Greatly oversized prey items killed by snakes are poorly known in literature. Based on published and unpublished reports, we add to the knowledge of snakes’ killings and subsequently abandoning oversized prey items. It may be an underdocumented phenomenon.

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DOI: 10.3897/herpetozoa.38.e143411

Authors: Najmul Hasan, Joya Dutta, Mohammed Noman, Md. Mizanur Rahman, Sajib Rudra, Abdul Auawal, Md. Rafiqul Islam, Md. Asir Uddin, Harij Uddin, Md. Towfiq Hasan, Md. Farid Ahsan, Ulrich Kuch, Aniruddha Ghose, Ibrahim Khalil Al Haidar, Mohammad Abdul Wahed Chowdhury

Abstract: Eco-climatic and other environmental gradients significantly influence the geographic distribution of reptiles. In Bangladesh, the known range of Russell’s viper (Daboia russelii) has expanded extensively in recent decades. Using species distribution modelling, we analysed habitat suitability, dispersal pathways, interspecific competition, and population dynamics to explore the drivers behind this phenomenon. Our findings indicate a five-fold increase in climatically suitable area (76,716 km²) since 2015, attributed to higher cold-season temperatures and increased dry-season precipitation, facilitating the viper’s spread into previously unoccupied regions. The rapid dispersal of these snakes may have benefited from the strong currents of rivers, channels and seasonal waterways, and flat floodplain terrain. Additionally, the extension of agricultural and grassy habitats in new regions has provided abundant rodent prey and minimal predator or competitor pressures, creating ideal conditions for population growth. We also observed a female-biased population structure and large clutch sizes which may have further accelerated reproduction, contributed to rapid population expansion. In rural Bangladesh, where clinicians face multiple problems with the management of Russell’s viper envenoming, increasingly frequent human encounters with this highly dangerous snake have caused great public concern. Despite the observed range expansion, the species also faces challenges such as unsuitable temperature fluctuations, reduced precipitation in some regions, and anthropogenic threats, including anti-snake attitudes and killings. Given the increasing risk of human-snake conflicts, implementing effective snakebite management plans and conservation strategies is crucial to safeguard public health while ensuring the survival of this ecologically and economically important predator of rodents.

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DOI: 10.3897/herpetozoa.38.e155430

Authors: Jing Liu, Chao-Bo Feng, Tuo Shen, Shi-Ze Li, Yanlin Cheng, Gang Wei, Bin Wang, Haijun Su

Abstract: Based on morphological and molecular phylogenetic analyses, a new species of the genus Boulenophrys is described from Yezhong Nature Reserve, Shuicheng County, Guizhou Province, China. Phylogenetic analyses based on the mitochondrial genes 16S rRNA and COI indicate that this new species represents an independent species-level lineage, closely related to B. fanjingmontis, B. qianbeiensis, B. sangzhiensis, and B. spinata. The new species is distinguished from its congeners by a combination of the following characteristics: (1) body size moderate (SVL 41.2–46.2 mm in adult males and 51.8–58.6 mm in adult females); (2) a single small horn-like tubercle at the edge of each upper eyelid; (3) vomerine teeth absent; (4) tongue not notched posteriorly; (5) tympanum distinctly visible, round; (6) toes with rudimentary webbing and narrow lateral fringes; (7) heels overlapping when thighs are positioned at right angles to the body; (8) tibiotarsal articulation reaching the level of the middle of the eye when the leg is stretched forward; (9) a single internal subgular vocal sac in males; (10) in breeding males, the nuptial pads have black nuptial spines on the bases of the first and second fingers.

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DOI: 10.3897/herpetozoa.38.e151988

Authors: Emiliya Vacheva, Nikola Stanchev, Georgi Krastev, Angel Dyugmedzhiev, Borislav Naumov

Abstract: Thermal ecology plays a key role in shaping the behavior and distribution of reptiles, particularly under climate stress. Understanding how sympatric lizard species manage their thermal preferences is essential for predicting their responses to changing climate. We studied thermo-ecological parameters in two lizard species, Lacerta viridis and L. trilineata that occur under syntopy in SW Bulgaria. We recorded in situ body, air and substrate temperatures, humidity and UV radiation for 190 individuals. Both species maintained body temperatures higher than air and substrate temperature. Comparison of the two species showed statistically significant differences between them in terms of body and substrate temperature, with a trend towards higher values in L. viridis. For L. trilineata, statistically significant differences were found only between immatures and females in terms of substrate temperature (higher values in females). For L. viridis, there were significant differences between immatures and males in each of the temperature parameters (with a trend for higher values in males) as well as between immatures and females in air temperature (higher values in females). No significant differences were found in humidity or UV exposure among groups. Our findings reveal species- and sex-specific thermal strategies in two co-existing lacertids, likely reflecting different ecological or physiological demands. The results provide valuable baseline data for predicting species responses to increasing temperatures in hot and dry habitats.

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DOI: 10.3897/herpetozoa.38.e139307

Authors: Daniel Jablonski, Martin Raffaj, Dušan Senko

Abstract: This study presents the first genetically confirmed record of an introduced population of Podarcis muralis in Slovakia, specifically in the village of Imeľ (southwestern Slovakia, Komárno District), in the Danubian Lowland. The population was likely introduced via the horticultural trade from the western Balkans. It was identified at a horticultural site specializing in the sale of Mediterranean plants from Albania, with individuals of all age stages documented since its initial observation in 2020. Mitochondrial DNA analysis revealed distinct haplotypes that closely cluster with those from northern Albania, indicating clear genetic differentiation from native Slovak populations. This finding was further supported by a species distribution model, which suggested that the Danubian Lowland does not offer a suitable environment for the presence and reproduction of native Slovakian populations. In contrast, a spatial similarity model found environmental similarities between the Danubian Lowland and parts of the western Balkans (northern Albanian lowlands and southern Montenegro). This introduction highlights the role of international trade in facilitating the spread of non-native species, posing potential risks such as hybridization with local populations. With a warming climate, conditions may increasingly favour the establishment of such introduced populations. Thus, regular monitoring is essential to evaluate the implications of these findings for conservation and to safeguard native genetic diversity.

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DOI: 10.3897/herpetozoa.38.e149373

Authors: Chloe Adamopoulou, Eirini Linardaki, Evanthia Thanou

Abstract: The Erhard’s wall lizard Podarcis erhardii (Bedriaga, 1886) was first recorded on the tiny rocky islet of Spanopoula, near Kea (Aegean Archipelago, Greece), in 1980. Since then, there has been no other published reference to confirm the species’ presence or to estimate its population status. Here, we report on a herpetological survey we carried out on Spanopoula 44 years later, which added a third species (Mediodactylus kotschyi) to the islet’s herpetofauna list. During our visit, we collected body-size measurements and tissue samples for the molecular identification of the Podarcis lizards inhabiting the islet. We found a thriving population of medium-sized wall lizards, belonging to the mainland form, P. erhardii livadiacus (Werner, 1902). As this subspecies is not present in adjacent Kea and nearby islands, our finding supports a human-mediated dispersal scenario.

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DOI: 10.3897/herpetozoa.38.e150553

Authors: Jelka Crnobrnja-Isailović, Milivoje Mihailović, Marija Ilić, Jelena Ćorović, Bogdan Jovanović

Abstract: The Greek frog (Rana graeca) is a European species, endemic to the Balkan Peninsula. This brown frog inhabits hilly/mountain areas where it almost exclusively spawns in fast-running streams and rivers. The northern border of the species distribution range spreads from northwestern Bosnia & Herzegovina to northwestern Serbia and then shifts towards the southeastern Balkans. The new records noticed in the central part of Serbia (Šumadija) suggest that the presence of the Greek frog could be easily overlooked if a locality is not inspected at the right time of the year. Possible suitable habitats positioned more to the north from the present northern contours of the species area should be thoroughly explored.

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DOI: 10.3897/herpetozoa.38.e141683

Authors: Seung-Min Park, Md Mizanur Rahman, Choong-Ho Ham, Su-Wan Park, Hee-Jin Kang, Ha-Cheol Sung

Abstract: Understanding the movement patterns and home range of a species is essential for developing effective conservation strategies. However, research on these aspects in the Asiatic toad (Bufo gargarizans) in South Korea remains limited, highlighting the need for further study. This study used radiotelemetry to examine the movement patterns and home range characteristics of B. gargarizans, aiming to enhance ecological understanding and inform conservation efforts. Our findings revealed that immobility (0 m) was the most frequently observed behavior among individuals. Excluding instances of immobility, individuals’ movement ability was 32.1 ± 51.0 m (N = 131, range: 0.1–360.9 m). Home range size, estimated using the minimum convex polygon (MCP) method, was 2,484.0 ± 4,461.0 m² (N = 24, range: 40.7–20,644.9 m²), representing the general movement area of B. gargarizans. The kernel density estimation (KDE) method estimates 55,004.9 ± 113,702.5 m² (N = 24, range: 425.9–491,232.2 m²), representing the potential buffer zone within which B. gargarizans may move. Regardless of the analysis method or sex, over 50% of habitats consisted of grass, while approximately 20% was used areas. Although no significant differences in movement patterns or home range size were observed between sexes, males were primarily distributed at lower altitudes near breeding sites, whereas females were distributed at higher altitudes around valley areas. These findings provide crucial baseline data for the conservation and management of B. gargarizans populations in South Korea.

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DOI: 10.3897/herpetozoa.38.e152516

Authors: Jennifer Rose Poole, Joshua Smith, Thomas Hesselberg, Panayiotis Pafilis

Abstract: The Aegean Islands are a known hotspot for herpetofauna and have been extensively studied in this area. However, there are still numerous islands that lack this research. This includes the uninhabited islet of Despotiko found in the Paros Archipelago, Cyclades. It is known for its importance in archaeology, which, in turn, attracts tourism. However, there is not yet a complete understanding of the presence of herpetofauna there, with the last published records written in 1977. In an effort to address this, a combination of past ad-hoc sightings and visual surveys was carried out during the summer of 2024. These yielded two new records of reptile species, Eryx jaculus and Lacerta citrovittata. Furthermore, the enclosed archaeological site had greater reptile diversity and richness than outside the site. This highlights the potential importance of the archaeological site as a key reptile habitat. Our findings help to improve our understanding of reptilian diversity in the archipelago, providing avenues for further research into the potential interactions between archaeological sites and reptile diversity.

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DOI: 10.3897/herpetozoa.38.e145691

Authors: Severus-Daniel Covaciu-Marcov, Andreea-Maria Lazăr, Alina-Florentina Mușet, Daniel-Răzvan Pop, Alfred-Ștefan Cicort-Lucaciu, Sára Ferenți

Abstract: Dolichophis caspius is frequently affected by road mortality, with many victims recorded also in Romania. Although some regions in the country have a presumptive high risk of road mortality, there is no certain data from all regions. In 2021 and 2024, we analyzed this species’ road mortality at its northern distribution range limit (lower Olt River valley, southern Romania). We identified 66 road-killed D. caspius over the course of eight days. Most victims (62.12%) were juveniles. The high number of road-killed juveniles is a consequence of the road`s features, which crosses many small human settlements (villages) and has numerous curves and speed enforcement cameras; therefore, the speed is reduced to 50 km/h. Consequently, the small-sized road-killed juveniles were easier to observe, as compared to roads of higher speeds, where they can be easily missed. The high number of juveniles indicates that in the region there are large populations that reproduce, as they are probably favored by climate warming. Although the absolute number of road-killed juveniles was higher at the end of summer and autumn, the ratio of juveniles and adults was the same in spring. The differences in road mortality on different days, even of the same month, indicate the importance of local microclimate conditions for the activity and road mortality of D. caspius. The lower Olt River valley region has a high risk of road mortality for this species, as it shows the scale of this phenomenon by highlighting the impact on juveniles.

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DOI: 10.3897/herpetozoa.38.e146004

Authors: Rupert J. Grassby-Lewis, Peter Brakels, Nathanaël Maury, Saly Sitthivong, David Frohlich, Parinya Pawangkhanant, Sabira S. Idiiatullina, Tan Van Nguyen, Nikolay A. Poyarkov

Abstract: We describe a new species of lance-headed pit viper from north-western Laos, based on morphological and molecular (6092 bp from cyt b, ND4, COI, 12S rRNA and 16S rRNA mitochondrial DNA genes and c-mos and RAG1 nuclear DNA genes) lines of evidence. Protobothrops flavirostris sp. nov. is easily distinguished from its congeners by the following combination of morphological characters: dorsal scales in 23–21–17 rows, all keeled; ventral scales 215; subcaudal scales 79, all paired; supralabials 7–8; infralabials 10; horn-like projections on supraoculars absent; head triangular with a typical lance-shaped pattern on its dorsal surface; three faint dark vertical stripes on the snout; head blackish-brown with rostral, nasals, preoculars, loreals and the two anterior supralabials, as well as the anterior parts of supraoculars yellow-orange; dorsal surfaces of body and tail brown or greyish-brown, dorsum with large dark reddish-brown cross-shaped blotches, edged in black, somewhat fused together forming an interrupted zigzag line and a row of large brown ventrolateral blotches on each side. The new species differs from the morphologically similar species Protobothrops kelomohy by a significant divergence in cytochrome b mitochondrial DNA gene sequences (p = 7.8%). The new species is currently known only from tropical limestone forest of Vientiane Province, north-western Laos (elevation 362 m a.s.l.). We suggest the new species be considered as Endangered (EN) following the IUCN’s Red List categories.

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DOI: 10.3897/herpetozoa.38.e137747

Authors: Amaël Borzée, Yikweon Jang, Siti N. Othman, Jordy Groffen, Irina V. Maslova, Zoljargal Purevdorj, Kiyomi Yasumiba, Tomohiko Shimada, Yoonjung Yi, Natalya Alekseevna Schepina, Desiree Andersen, Yoonhyuk Bae, Ikuo Miura, Christophe Dufresnes

Abstract: Proper taxonomic and phylogeographic frameworks are a prerequisite in evolutionary, ecological, and conservation research, but many species still lack adequate assessments. Earlier studies on the northeast Asian treefrog, Dryophytes japonicus, identified a deep Mio-Pliocene diversification; however, phenotypic assessments were lacking, and the taxonomic identity of the identified clades is under debate. In this study, we assessed the genetic, genomic, morphological, and acoustic diversity and differentiation within the D. japonicus complex to propose taxonomic arrangements and assess taxon-specific threats for each defined clade. Analyses of four mtDNA genes and 42.8 kb nuclear loci obtained by RAD-sequencing (RAD-seq) confirmed two distinct species-level clades that diverged ~6 Mya, one provisionally assigned to D. japonicus in southern Japan and mainland Asia and the other unnamed (D. cf. japonicus) in northern Japan and adjacent Russian islands. According to the mitochondrial data, each species is further divided into two subclades of Pleistocene age that display differences in morphological and call properties that may represent candidate subspecies: D. j. japonicus in southwestern Japan and D. j. stepheni on the Asian mainland and two unnamed lineages in Central and Northern Japan for D. cf. japonicus. Phenotypic differentiation between populations was only partly linked to their phylogenetic relationships. Finally, despite the relatively narrow ranges of many lineages, none crosses the threshold to be currently listed as threatened. The conservation of the diversity of the D. japonicus complex will necessarily require proper population monitoring and additional investigations to evaluate whether the unnamed delimited lineages merit taxonomic descriptions.

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DOI: 10.3897/herpetozoa.38.e140551

Authors: Andrea Criado-Flórez, Juan Pablo González de la Vega, Gabriel Martínez del Marmol, Uwe Fritz

Abstract: Using two mitochondrial DNA fragments and six nuclear genes, we confirmed that a morphologically intermediate snake, captured in Andalusia, southwestern Spain (municipality of Huelva), was an F1 hybrid between a female Natrix astreptophora and a male N. maura. The two parental species diverged 21.5 million years ago, which is why their capability to hybridize is remarkable. The interspecific mating could have been facilitated by the rarity of N. astreptophora and the abundance of N. maura in southwestern Spain, making it difficult for N. astreptophora females to find conspecific males. In the face of previously published genomic signatures for ancient gene flow between N. astreptophora and N. maura, our finding raises the question of whether occasional hybridization still contributes to a continued exchange of genetic information between these two deeply divergent and old taxa.

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DOI: 10.3897/herpetozoa.38.e139606

Authors: Anh Van Pham, Anh Tuan Nguyen, Anh Minh Hoang Nguyen, Linh Thuy Thi Dao, Chi Ha Thi Tran, Minh Duc Le, Truong Quang Nguyen

Abstract: The Vietnam Skink (Plestiodon tamdaoensis) was described from Tam Dao National Park, Vietnam, in 1937, and the species is currently known only from northern Vietnam and Hong Kong of China, whereas the Devouring Forest Skink (Scincella devorator) was described from Yen Tu Nature Reserve, Vietnam, in 2004, and the species is endemic to northern Vietnam. As a result of our field surveys in 2023 and 2024 in Ba Vi National Park, Vietnam, we reported new distribution records, morphological data, and natural history of Plestiodon tamdaoensis and Scincella devorator. In addition, we used species distribution modeling to predict the potential distribution of these species. The model showed that the potential distribution of P. tamdaoensis is approximately 110,000 km2 and that of S. devorator is approximately 130,000 km2, covering northern Vietnam, southern China, and northern Laos, significantly expanding its known range compared to the IUCN range map.

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DOI: 10.3897/herpetozoa.38.e136221

Authors: Gábor Szelényi, Nikolett Varga, János Gál, Tamás Tóth

Abstract: We present the discovery of the mummified remains of a Vipera ursinii rakosiensis collected in 1962 from a previously unknown occurrence location in Hungary. The first author took pictures of the specimen back in 2003; there is no information about the current whereabouts of the remains.

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DOI: 10.3897/herpetozoa.38.e137934

Authors: Oana Iftime, Alexandru Iftime

Abstract: We present records of winter activity of non-native turtles, especially Trachemys scripta, the most common alien turtle in Romania. This species was observed basking in urban park lake settings in the winter months at the beginning of 2024. Trachemys scripta individuals were active during atypically warm days, but not during alternating cold spells with snowfall and ice formation; on warm days, turtles were also observed in the proximity of persisting lake ice. Other aquatic turtle species emerged from hibernation at the end of the winter, when temperatures were considerably higher, nearing 20 °C.

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DOI: 10.3897/herpetozoa.37.e134923

Authors: Diego Batallas, Juan M. Guayasamin, Mateo A. Vega-Yánez

Abstract: The Atelopus (or harlequin frogs) have become a symbol of the ongoing efforts to conserve biodiversity in Ecuador over the past few decades. Atelopus ignescens, also known as jambato, was previously considered to be an extinct species until it was rediscovered in the Andean locality of Angamarca, Ecuador. This study presents and describes the calls of Atelopus ignescens for the first time. These are low intensity sounds that comprise a repertoire of three distinct call types: tonal, short and pulsed call. They have different spectral and temporal characteristics. The most notable difference in their structure is the presence or absence of pulses and the frequency modulation observed in tonal calls. In terms of spectral characteristics, the mean dominant frequency is 1.7 kHz, with up to 11 harmonics visible. A peculiar feature of the Jambato is the absence of a tympanic middle ear, a characteristic observed in the majority of Atelopus species. The absence of these structures, however, does not mean that harlequin toads are deaf since they seem to have extratympanic mechanisms of audition. It is our hope that our contribution will stimulate further research into the bioacoustics and behavior of this endangered and relatively unknown group of anurans.

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DOI: 10.3897/herpetozoa.37.e137394

Authors: Vladislav A. Gorin, Nikolai L. Orlov, Andrey M. Bragin, Parinya Pawangkhanant, Konstantin D. Milto, Dac Xuan Le, Tan Van Nguyen, Christophe Dufresnes, Chatmongkon Suwannapoom, Nikolay A. Poyarkov

Abstract: Despite increased attention by molecular taxonomists, the herpetofauna of Southeast Asia still hides many undescribed species among far-ranging taxa. In this study, we re-examine the mitochondrial diversity of painted frogs of the microhylid genus Kaloula, based on ~2,455 bp of published and new 12S and 16S rRNA sequences, and describe two new species from the tropical forests of southern Vietnam and central Laos based on integrative evidence. These species, which belong to the K. baleata complex, feature species-level mitochondrial divergence (> 4.4% at 16S rRNA) and are both morphologically well-differentiated from each other and from the recently described K. indochinensis, to which they were previously confounded. Comparative examinations also indicate distinct male advertisement calls and unique coloration features. Based on genetic barcoding, we preliminarily revise the species distribution ranges in the K. baleata complex, which support a general pattern of biogeographic partitioning that has been widely retrieved among the Indochinese amphibians studied so far. Molecular diversity within K. baleata further suggests genetic structure across Sundaland, namely three shallow mitochondrial haplogroups worthy of fine-scale phylogeographic and taxonomic investigations. Furthermore, our study highlights the propensity of amphibian species “hidden in plain sight,” even among recently studied taxa, thus calling for caution when specifying type specimens—the type series of K. indochinensis, described in 2013, includes specimens of the one of the new species. Our study emphasizes the continued need for thorough herpetological surveys even in supposedly well-known parts of Indochina and sets the ground for future research in Kaloula painted frogs, notably to test evolutionary and taxonomic hypotheses with genomic loci.

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DOI: 10.3897/herpetozoa.37.e137809

Authors: Nikolay A. Poyarkov, Andrey M. Bragin, Tan Van Nguyen

Abstract: A new species of the poorly known genus Colubroelaps Orlov, Kharin, Ananjeva, Nguyen & Nguyen, 2009, is described based on a single female specimen collected from Hon Tre Island, Khanh Hoa Province, Vietnam. The new species, Colubroelaps adleri sp. nov., can be distinguished from its sister species Colubroelaps nguyenvansangi Orlov, Kharin, Ananjeva, Nguyen & Nguyen, 2009 by the following combination of morphological characters: small body size (TL 402 mm); tail relatively short (ratio TaL/TL 0.10); dorsal scales in 14–14–14 rows; supralabials six, third and fourth entering orbit; infralabials seven; loreal present; ventral scales 234; subcaudals 30, all divided; cloacal plate divided; dorsal coloration pale brown, with narrow and interrupted dark stripe along spine; body flanks dark-gray lacking bluish iridescence; ventrally uniform off-white; head black with rostral, nasals, prefrontals, preoculars, loreal, and the two anterior supralabials, as well as anterior parts of supraoculars and frontal dirty yellowish-brown with dark-brown spots. This discovery represents the second known species of the genus Colubroelaps and the first record of the genus in the coastal areas of southern-central Vietnam. The new species is likely micro-endemic to the small island of Hon Tre within Nha Trang Bay in Khanh Hoa Province, Vietnam, at an elevation of 30 m a.s.l., and was recorded only from the heavily disturbed secondary forest area of the island. The new species is under threat due to the intensifying development of tourist infrastructure on Hon Tre Island. We suggest that the new species be considered Endangered (EN) following the IUCN’s Red List categories.

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DOI: 10.3897/herpetozoa.37.e136688

Authors: Jing Liu, Yanlin Cheng, Shize Li, Gang Cheng, Gang Wei

Abstract: We describe the advertisement call of the Dushan Leaf Litter Toad, Leptobrachella dushanensis, based on recordings obtained from three individuals from its type locality. The advertisement call of L. dushanensis consists of a single note with a dominant frequency of 4.84–4.91 kHz. Furthermore, we compare the differences in advertisement calls between L. dushanensis and its sister species, Leptobrachella dong. The advertisement calls of L. dushanensis and L. dong can be clearly distinguished. Our findings provide bioacoustic evidence supporting the taxonomic status of L. dushanensis and provide basic data for future behavioral and ecological studies on Leptobrachella.

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DOI: 10.3897/herpetozoa.37.e122825

Authors: R. S. Naveen, S. R. Chandramouli, S. Babu, A. M. Ryndongsngi, P. V. Karunakaran, Honnavalli N. Kumara

Abstract: Bush frogs from Garo and Khasi Hills were collected, and a thorough examination based on morphology and geographic distribution revealed that two of the populations sampled from Garo Hills during this study agree with the holotypes and descriptions of the taxa Ixalus garo and I. kempiae, described more than a century ago. The original description lacked information on several morphological characters, genetic material, and photographs of the species in life. The absence of such information posed challenges in field identification of these species. Our phylogeny shows them to be nested within the Raorchestes clade, and therefore, we allocate these two species to this genus and formally announce their rediscovery. We also redescribe these two species here based on additional adult vouchers and report geographic range extensions from new localities. Based on molecular and morphological analysis, we reassess the status of the recently described Raorchestes cangyuanensis, resulting in its placement under the subjective junior synonymy of R. kempiae. We also describe a morphologically distinct new species from this region. This paper bridges an important gap in the knowledge of the genus Raorchestes in this part of India and highlights the importance of systematic surveys in documenting and understanding amphibian diversity in the region.

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DOI: 10.3897/herpetozoa.37.e130028

Authors: Susanne Stückler, Ria Sonnleitner, Silke Schweiger

Abstract: In Lower Austria’s Waldviertel region, artificial drainage ditches were constructed in the last century in order to use peatlands for forestry, agriculture, and peat extraction. By now, many of these peatlands are part of the Natura 2000 network and therefore gradually undergo restoration measures, which aim to rewet the peatlands. For this, the ditches are blocked with wooden dams, leading to a water runback, which in turn fills the ditches and peat pools. Such artificial water bodies generally depict secondary habitats for many species. Here, we investigated the amphibian fauna in four restored peatlands in the Waldviertel region and measured abiotic factors of the aquatic habitats to answer the question whether blocked ditches and peat pools are valuable secondary habitats for amphibians. We characterized the microhabitats of amphibians based on various structures and vegetation. Additionally, this study provides a basic assessment of reptile species in the investigated peatlands. During our assessment, we observed 1520 individuals of eight amphibian species, 64 individuals of four reptile species, and characterized 12 different microhabitats. Despite the low pH values of 3.2–4.2, four amphibian species and amphibian spawn were detected in Schwarzes Moos. Our results indicate that peat pools, drainage ditches, and open moorlands are potential habitats for amphibians and reptiles, making their conservation and management an important factor in the protection of amphibian and reptile species.

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DOI: 10.3897/herpetozoa.37.e129656

Authors: Mario F. Broggi

Abstract: The current knowledge on the herpetofauna of Syros is updated, whereby no publications on it have been made since 1975. I provide the results from a field trip in 2024 that focused on the hygrophilous species. The Balkan Water Frog and the Balkan Terrapin, mentioned for Syros in the 19th century, meanwhile have become extinct. The Green Toad is threatened with extinction, the status of the Grass Snake is unclear. The Green Toad has benefited previously from anthropogenic spawning grounds in the form of open cisterns, which have fallen into disuse and thus are no longer available to the amphibians. The ongoing climate change in the Aegean region is reflected in drier winters, which dry out water bodies. The situation for the wetlands and their fauna and flora on Syros is alarming.

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DOI: 10.3897/herpetozoa.37.e135222

Authors: Jie Huang, Ying Xiang, Tao Wu, You-Xiang Zhang, Zi-Liang Zhang, Ben-Zhong Wang, Xiang-Ying Lan, Yu-Ping Huang, Hui-Juan Jiang, Wan-Sheng Jiang

Abstract: The newt genus Tylototriton is widely distributed in east, southeast, and south Asia. Previous studies have shown that basic surveys of this genus are far from comprehensive, and unknown species still exist within the group. In this study, we described a new species of this genus, Tylototriton gaowangjienensis sp. nov., from Gaowangjie National Nature Reserve in Hunan Province, China, based on evidence from molecular identification and morphological comparisons. Additionally, we conducted phylogenetic analysis of the genus to elucidate the taxonomic status of the new species. Based on combined mitochondrial 16S rRNA and ND2 gene sequences, the phylogenetic tree supported the new species as a member of the T. wenxianensis species subclade in the subgenus Yaotriton. It can be distinguished from its congeners by the combination of the following characteristics: (1) medium-sized body; (2) finger tips extending beyond the snout while forelimbs stretched forward; (3) tips of forelimbs and hindlimbs reaching and overlapping when folded towards the body; (4) snout edge round; (5) absence of small papillae in the male cloacal fissure; (6) dorsal ridges narrow, with width smaller than the eye diameter; (7) head length (HDL) greater than head width (HDW) (HDL/HDW = 1.04~1.22); (8) orange markings absence on the parotoid; (9) nodule-like warts on body sides continuous; (10) vomerine teeth not connected at the tip, extending to the occipital bone at the posterior end.

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DOI: 10.3897/herpetozoa.37.e133456

Authors: Pier Cacciali, Raúl Maneyro

Abstract: Hemidactylus mabouia is a gecko species that has successfully colonized southern North, Central, and South America. In Paraguay, there is a commonly held belief that this species has displaced the native skink Notomabuya frenata in urban areas. In this study, we compared several ecological features of N. frenata and H. mabouia to better understand the degree of their niche overlap. A comparative analysis was conducted based on a literature survey and the examination of museum specimens from Asunción (Paraguay). Furthermore, differences in microhabitat use between H. mabouia and N. frenata were investigated through a review of observational records available on iNaturalist. Our findings indicate that the two species share only a few biological traits, such as an insectivore diet, an ability to adapt to living close to human dwellings, and the use of mimesis as a primary defensive strategy. Both lizards are generalist feeders, although there are notable differences in their frequency of prey consumption. Regarding habitat use, the majority of N. frenata specimens were documented on grass or other natural substrates, as well as on trees and shrubs. In the case of H. mabouia, the majority of records originate from smooth and brick walls, including metal and glass surfaces. Consequently, there is no evidence to suggest that dietary overlap could induce competition between these species. Therefore, it can be posited that the displacement of the native lizard N. frenata is a consequence of human activities that have altered its preferred microhabitat while expanding potential habitat for H. mabouia.

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DOI: 10.3897/herpetozoa.37.e131965

Authors: Jacobo Reyes-Velasco

Abstract: The taxonomy of the Bothriechis schlegelii species group has recently been expanded, nearly doubling the number of recognized species within this genus. However, the validity of these new species, defined primarily by mitochondrial DNA and without a robust evaluation of nuclear DNA and morphological data, warrants critical reassessment. This study re-examines the integrative data used in the initial analysis and employs additional visualizations of the genetic and morphological datasets. The results suggest that the genetic differences previously interpreted as species boundaries may instead reflect clinal variation, not independent lineages. Furthermore, DELINEATE species delimitation analysis and morphological assessments challenge the distinction of the proposed taxa. The findings indicate that only three species in the B. schlegelii group should be maintained as valid (B. nigroadspersus, B. schlegelii, and B. supraciliaris), while most taxa proposed by Arteaga et al. (2024) should be considered junior synonyms, or at most, as subspecies. This has significant implications for conservation priorities and resource allocation. In highlighting the need for a cautious and thorough approach to species delimitation, this study contributes to the broader discussion of taxonomic practices, the issue of taxonomic inflation, and their impact on biodiversity conservation.

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DOI: 10.3897/herpetozoa.37.e128019

Authors: Daniel Jablonski, David Hegner, Francesco Paolo Faraone, Konrad Mebert

Abstract: The recent elevation of the Western Grass Snake, Natrix helvetica, from subspecies status prompted an assessment of its natural history and ecological traits compared to closely related species. We report an unusual predation attempt by the freshwater crab Potamon fluviatile on N. helvetica sicula from Sicily, indicating an ecological interaction previously overlooked in this species. The observation suggests that this crab may utilise snakes’ muscle tissue as an additional nutrient source. This predator-prey interaction, although probably rare, adds to the understanding of the dynamics between crabs and snakes, shedding light on their interaction in freshwater habitats. To provide context for our observation and highlight its rarity, we searched through scientific literature and online sources to generate a comprehensive review of the phenomenon that examines the predatory behaviour of crabs on snakes.

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DOI: 10.3897/herpetozoa.37.e132815

Authors: Apostolos Christopoulos, Christos Kotselis, Dinos Protopappas, Vassia Spaneli, Panayiotis Pafilis

Abstract: Invertebrate predation on amphibians is widespread, although unreported in Europe. Here, we present documented predation of the Karpathos water frog (Pelophylax cerigensis) by the crab Potamon karpathos. Pelophylax cerigensis is an endangered, endemic species exclusively found on the Rhodes and Karpathos Islands in the South Aegean Sea, Greece. The Karpathos population is at risk due to limited suitable habitats and a scarcity of freshwater bodies on the island. From April to October, when there is no rain on the island, frogs and crabs cohabitate, sharing the same shallow ditches. Incidents of frog predation by crabs are common, indicated by numerous individuals with amputated limbs and scars, representing an additional threat to the endangered frog. Further research on the interactions between the two species is urgently required, as it has direct conservation implications.

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DOI: 10.3897/herpetozoa.37.e120806

Authors: Jan Chmelař, Daniel Frynta, Veronika Rudolfová, David Fischer, Ivan Rehák

Abstract: The European green lizard (Lacerta viridis) populations in Bohemia, Czech Republic, are isolated by more than 150 km from the northern border of the continuous range of the species. These populations are fragmented and further isolated from each other. In this landscape mosaic, they are tied to specific habitats located in deeply incised river valleys (the so-called river phenomenon) and thus may be viewed as stenotopic. The research site is located on the northern edge of the city of Prague. Since 1998, this site has been the subject of long-term conservation management aimed at strengthening and maintaining the abundance of the local L. viridis population. To formulate recommendations for the management of other isolated L. viridis populations, we performed a spatial analysis of the localities with observed individuals to determine and evaluate the significance of the chosen biotic and abiotic factors for habitat discrimination. We applied principal components and discriminant function analyses and examined the effect of 24 variables on the species’ presence. The results revealed the principal role of the presence of rock debris and hiding places for lizard occurrence. The strongest negative predictors were the presence of tall grass and high vegetation coverage. We discuss the applicability of our findings in both the theory and practice of species conservation and population management.

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DOI: 10.3897/herpetozoa.37.e118175

Authors: D. James Harris, Dimitra Sergiadou, J. Filipe Faria

Abstract: Patterns of morphological and genetic diversity within the fringe-toed lizards of the genus Acanthodactylus have puzzled systematists since the first assessments, and none more so than the Acanthodactylus erythrurus complex. A recent study combining multi-locus sequence data and morphological characters partially resolved the situation, identifying two new species in the southern part of the range in Morocco, but leaving an unresolved “Ibero-Moroccan” clade containing much of the genetic and morphological diversity. Here we sequenced a mitochondrial marker for new samples from across much of the distribution. Our data notably increase the known ranges of various species and lineages found in Morocco, and indicate a divergent genetic lineage within one of the newly described species. While far greater numbers of genetic markers will be needed to resolve taxonomic questions, greater geographic sampling is also still needed both to delimit the species, and to identify regions where potential genetic admixture may occur.

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DOI: 10.3897/herpetozoa.37.e130731

Authors: Guillem Giner, Albert Montori, Marc Franch

Abstract: Studies on the slow worm (Anguis fragilis) in the Iberian Peninsula have primarily focused on northern and north-western populations, with limited data, based mainly on distribution short notes, on the north-eastern populations in Spain. This study examines the ecology, demography, and phenology of a slow worm population located at a suboptimal site near the southern edge of its distribution range on the Iberian Peninsula, characterized by a Mediterranean climate, in southwestern Europe. The study area encompasses 2.9 hectares in Tarragona Province, Spain, at an altitude of 990 m. Sixteen sampling stations were established to cover all available habitats. In this population, adults comprised 73.73% (n = 87) of individuals, with a sex ratio (♂♂/♂♂+♀♀) of 0.44. Of the captured individuals, 46.61% (n = 55) exhibited non-intact tails. The estimated apparent survival probabilities during the study period (1.5 years) were 0.76 (0.54, 0.94) for immatures, 0.79 (0.29, 0.95) for males, and 0.83 (0.68, 0.96) for females. Population density was estimated at 16.11 ind./ha (7.78, 45.42) for immatures, 44.39 ind./ha (30.38, 72.57) for males, and 64.08 ind./ha (35.35, 129.93) for females. The activity period extends from March to October, with males emerging from hibernation earlier than females, peaking in May. Female emergence occurs one month later, peaking in June. A total of 41.18% of captured males had recent scars and wounds, indicative of fighting during the mating season from mid-April to mid-June. Pregnant females were observed from mid-May to early September, with a peak incidence in June, which is an extended period compared to other European populations at similar altitudes and latitudes.

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DOI: 10.3897/herpetozoa.37.e125163

Authors: Jorge Mella-Romero, Sebastián Maya-Miranda, David Véliz, Javier A. Simonetti

Abstract: Under climate change, species are expected to migrate along with their climate envelope. However, many species’ distribution models do not include the human footprint, thus overestimating distributional zones with high probabilities of occurrence. Species inhabiting sky islands (high-elevation landscapes that differ from landscapes in intermediate valleys) are particularly sensitive to climate and land-use change, given their limited ability to migrate. We aimed to assess the suitability of the climatic conditions for a sky island lizard under different climate scenarios and how that could affect its distribution based on (i) its climate envelope and (ii) the human footprint (croplands and buildings). Using climatic variables to develop a species distribution model and the indicator Human Footprint, we predicted the presence probabilities of Liolaemus nigroviridis Müller & Hellmich, 1932 populations under climate change scenarios (current, year 2040, and year 2080). We analyzed the relevant variables for L. nigroviridis’s climate envelope, which we projected to decrease and shift southward by 2080. The species could track its climate envelope in the Andes, but not in the Coastal mountains, given the strong human footprint. We propose assisted migration as a possible adaptive strategy, and show that conservation of sky islands species can be enhanced by integrating climatic and anthropogenic factors.

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DOI: 10.3897/herpetozoa.37.e125965

Authors: Johannes Foufopoulos, Stephen Roussos, Stamatis Kalogiannis, Samuel Kalb, Ilias Strachinis, Kinsey M. Brock

Abstract: The Sporades are one of the most biologically important archipelagos in the Aegean Sea (Greece) and have received priority conservation over the last 50 years. However, despite numerous early efforts, its herpetofauna is only partially described, resulting in many distributional gaps that have prevented adequate understanding and management of the resident species communities. We review one century of bibliography from the Northern Sporades and combine this information with a review of museum specimens and insights from numerous extensive field surveys over the last near-decade to provide for the first time a comprehensive picture of the reptiles and amphibians of the archipelago. We report here on 26 new island records and find that the herptile communities of the region are largely derived from the herpetofauna of the nearby Thessaly mainland, with only a few introduced taxa. There is also a small but significant set of endemic taxa in the archipelago. Island species richness declines with decreasing island size and increasing duration of island isolation. Herptile communities on smaller islands are progressively nested subsets of the communities on larger islands. The presence of reptile species depends sensitively on the condition and management of native ecosystems. While non-aquatic species maintain largely healthy populations, most populations are under pressure from the combined effects of rampant tourist development, the destruction and degradation of rare wetland habitats, and the abandonment of traditional agricultural landscapes. We provide recommendations regarding sustainable management of the local reptile and amphibian populations.

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DOI: 10.3897/herpetozoa.37.e122349

Authors: Thomas Daftsios, Dionisios Iakovidis, Nikolaos Gogolos, Kostas Sagonas

Abstract: New records of species distribution help advance our understanding of species biogeographical dynamics and, potentially, local adaptations. Here, we report for the first time the presence of the Mediterranean house gecko (Hemidactylus turcicus) on a small, isolated Aegean island from which only one other reptile species has been previously documented. This discovery contributes new distribution data, enriching future assessments of both the species and its habitat.

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DOI: 10.3897/herpetozoa.37.e116376

Authors: Andrea González-Fernández, Stephane Couturier, Rodrigo Dotor-Diego, Ricardo Martínez-Díaz-González, Armando Sunny

Abstract: Little is known about fire as an agent of direct animal mortality, and specifically, there is controversy regarding the effects of fire on reptiles. In the Sierra Morelos natural protected area in Mexico, both unplanned (e.g., man-made illegal and accidental burns) and prescribed burns occur during the dry season. In this study, we assessed direct fire-induced reptile mortality in the Sierra Morelos natural protected area by comparing live and dead individuals. Of the 14 reptile species reported in the area, seven were found dead due to fire. One-third of the individuals found in 2021 (34% of 169 ind.) and 2022 (33% of 33 ind.) were killed by fire. The mean density of detected dead individuals was 1.60 ± 2.99 individuals/ha in 2021 and 0.31 ± 0.27 individuals/ha in 2022. Mortality densities were similar in areas subjected to prescribed burns and in areas affected by unplanned burns (W= 37.5, p = 0.4383). Since our survey likely underestimated the actual mortality caused by fire, our findings show the important direct impact of fire on the reptile community of the Sierra Morelos natural protected area and support the notion that anthropogenic fire can represent a serious risk for reptiles in fragile ecosystems.

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DOI: 10.3897/herpetozoa.37.e120130

Authors: Luis R. Rivas, Gustavo Rey-Ortíz, Cord B. Eversole, Randy L. Powell, Gonzalo Navarro-Cornejo, Edson Cortez, Mauricio Ocampo, Gabriel Callapa, Arturo Muñoz

Abstract: We present information on the occurrence of colubrid vine snakes (Oxybelis) and dipsadid sharpnose snakes (Xenoxybelis) from the lowlands of Bolivia. These genera have been poorly reported from Bolivia and information presented herein includes nine new record provincials from the departments of Beni, Cochabamba, La Paz, Pando, and Santa Cruz, Bolivia. Moreover, we present the first records of Oxybelis inkaterra Jadin, Jowers, Orlofske, Duellman, Blair & Murphy, 2021 from Bolivia and we extend the known range of this species by approximately 207 km (Río Sipia, La Paz) and 628 km (Campamento Guacharos, Cochabamba) southeast of the type locality (Puerto Maldonado, Peru) in South America. In addition, we present morphometric information, meristic characters, coloration pattern, ecological aspects and natural history for the three species of vine snakes (O. aeneus, O. fulgidus, O. inkaterra) and two species of sharpnose snakes (X. argenteus, X. boulengeri) from the Bolivian lowlands.

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DOI: 10.3897/herpetozoa.37.e123065

Authors: Julie M. Ray, Rowan M. Wergeland, Jeffery Karafa

Abstract: Insular organisms typically evolve in closed, isolated systems; thus, changes caused by introduced species can drastically affect their ecology. Isle Royale National Park (Michigan, USA) is a remote island in Lake Superior that, until relatively recently, was void of earthworms. Its two native natricine snakes are known to feed on earthworms on the mainland; here, we confirm that eastern gartersnakes (Thamnophis sirtalis) are also feeding on earthworms on Isle Royale. It is unknown how this new important dietary source will impact the snake ecology on Isle Royale.

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DOI: 10.3897/herpetozoa.37.e124331

Authors: Yi-han Ma, Jia-yu Liu, Hui Li, Lin Zhou, Yu-hao Xu, De-yong Peng, Zhi-qiang Zhang, Xiao-yang Mo

Abstract: Achalinus sheni Ma, Xu, Qi, Wang, Tang, Huang & Jiang, 2023 was originally described based on only male specimens from Lianyuan City and Nanyue District, Hunan, China. So far, no information on the females of this species is available. After molecular systematics and morphological characters of recently collected specimens from Xinshao County, Hunan, several specimens (3 males and 1 female) were identified as this species. Therefore, we provided supplementary descriptions of the female characteristics of this species in this study. Meanwhile, we extended the description of this species.

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DOI: 10.3897/herpetozoa.37.e118699

Authors: D. James Harris, Mickaël Sanchez, Sara Rocha

Abstract: Distinguishing between anthropogenic introductions and natural colonizations can be complex, especially in groups that are evidently both capable natural colonizers and anthropophilic, such as some geckos of the genus Hemidactylus. However, such information is fundamental both for constructing appropriate conservation approaches, as well as to identify biogeographical patterns. Here we assessed the origins and taxonomic status of the Hemidactylus geckos found on the Îles Éparses, disjunct small islands of the western Indian Ocean located around Madagascar, using partial mitochondrial DNA sequences. Hemidactylus platycephalus was confirmed on Juan de Nova, presumed introduced from continental Africa. The H. mabouia-mercatorius complex was identified on Juan de Nova, Europa, Tromelin, and Grande Glorieuse, with H. mabouia (sensu stricto) on Juan de Nova and H. mercatorius on Europa, from where it is likely to have been introduced to Tromelin. An unnamed lineage within H. mercatorius, previously known only from the Aldabra Islands, was identified on Grande Glorieuse, and further demonstrated the unexpectedly high genetic diversity within this lineage.

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DOI: 10.3897/herpetozoa.37.e122213

Authors: Christoph I. Grünwald, María del Carmen G. Mendoza-Portilla, André J. Grünwald, Carlos Montaño-Ruvalcaba, Héctor Franz-Chávez, Uri O. García-Vázquez, Jacobo Reyes-Velasco

Abstract: Garter snakes in the genus Thamnophis from Mexico have a long and convoluted taxonomic history. From 2015 to 2022, we conducted a comprehensive sampling of Mexican Thamnophis species, aiming to link molecular phylogenies with the recognized species related to T. scalaris in the highlands of Mexico. Here, we present an analysis of mitochondrial DNA to resolve the status of two enigmatic highland Thamnophis populations. Our research resulted in the identification and morphological characterization of a previously undescribed Thamnophis species from the state of Jalisco in western Mexico. We also clarify the identity and relationships of several previously enigmatic populations of Thamnophis. This work presents new data for Thamnophis phylogenetics from the Mexican highlands and offers a framework for future conservation efforts.

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DOI: 10.3897/herpetozoa.37.e121610

Authors: Shuo Liu, Mingzhong Mo, Jimin Guo, Yi Lu, Wen Wang, Wenxiang Zhang, Dingqi Rao, Song Li

Abstract: We report the first record of Amolops truongi Pham, Pham, Ngo, Sung, Ziegler & Le, 2023 from China, based on four specimens collected in Yunnan Huanglianshan National Nature Reserve. This species was previously known only from the type locality in north-western Vietnam. Morphologically, the specimens from China correspond to the original description of A. truongi with a few variations and, phylogenetically, they are clustered with the type specimens of A. truongi from Vietnam with strong support. In this study, we also provide an updated diagnosis of this species combining the original description and new data.

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DOI: 10.3897/herpetozoa.37.e108976

Authors: Juan F. C. Carrillo, Pedro C. Rocha, Ana Alice Fagundes Cabral, Matheus Sthanley Ferreira Firme, Lauany Lima Serafim, Kelvin Yuiti Mori, Diego J. Santana

Abstract: Melanophryniscus fulvoguttatus is a small toad that inhabits the Cerrado, Atlantic Forest, and humid Chaco of South America. Due to its aposematic coloration and behavior, it is a species that may present chemical defenses such as alkaloids and a restricted diet similar to other species of the genus. Although it was described in the early 20th century, there is still little information on its natural history and ecology. Here, we described the diet, tested the sexual dimorphism, and calculated the fertility index of M. fulvoguttatus based on a sample of eight males and 21 females from a population within the Cerrado. Sexual dimorphism was assessed using 15 morphometric measures; diet was calculated as an index of relative importance by prey item and tested for sex differences; fertility was tested for relations between body size and the number of eggs; and we also estimated the reproductive investment. Our results demonstrate that this population’s diet consisted mostly of ant species, with Pheidole radoszkowskii being the most important, followed by Crematogaster sp. and Cyphomyrmex transversus. Regarding sexual dimorphism, we observed that females were significantly larger than males, with a positive relationship between female size and the number of eggs. We did not find significant differences in the diets of males and females. Although the diet and reproductive aspects of M. fulvoguttatus are similar to those of its congeneric species, further studies are needed in order to address the relationship between the species diet and its chemical defenses.

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DOI: 10.3897/herpetozoa.37.e123069

Authors: Thomas Daftsios, Dionisios Iakovidis, Nikolaos Gogolos, Kostas Sagonas

Abstract: The alpine newt is an opportunistic predator whose diet consists predominantly of aquatic and terrestrial invertebrates with Crustacea, Plecoptera, Collembola, Diptera, Isopoda and Gastropoda being the predominant prey groups. Consumption of amphibian eggs and larvae are another common food source. Here, we report the first documented case of adult Ichthyosaura alpestris feeding on a rodent carcass, thus adding to its menu a prey item that belongs to the Class Mammalia, while showcasing the previously unknown scavenging behaviour. This finding suggests that rodent carcasses can serve as an important resource for nutrients in remote, high-altitude populations of the alpine newt.

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DOI: 10.3897/herpetozoa.37.e122317

Authors: Tan Van Nguyen, Shuo Liu, Jeffery A. Wilkinson, Thinh Gia Tran, Phuc Nguyen Tran, Alexey V. Trofimets, Vinh Quang Dau, Nikolay A. Poyarkov

Abstract: The Napo Treefrog Rhacophorus napoensis was described based on five male specimens from Napo County, Baise City, Guangxi Autonomous Region, China. Herein, we report on new findings and a range extension of this species based on an examination of preserved specimens collected from Bac Giang and Nghe An provinces, Vietnam. Futhermore, molecular analyses of specimens Rhacophorus spp. previously identified as R. rhodopus that were reported in Bac Giang, Nghe An as well as Thanh Hoa, and Ha Tinh provinces based on mitochondrial DNA supported the morphological findings. The Vietnam specimens have a pairwise divergence of less than 2% from those of the type series of Rhacophorus napoensis (based on the 16s rRNA mtDNA gene). Based on the new information, we confirm the presence of R. napoensis in Vietnam and update the diagnostic characters of this species and distribution. We suggest the species should be considered as of Least Concern (LC) following the IUCN’s Red List categories. Further studies reassessing the populations of the Rhacophorus bipunctatus complex are required.

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DOI: 10.3897/herpetozoa.37.e120524

Authors: Tan Van Nguyen, Shuo Liu, Vy The Tran, Thinh Gia Tran, Alexei V. Trofimets, Vinh Quang Dau, Nikolay A. Poyarkov

Abstract: The Paddy frog species Micryletta hekouensis was described based on only two specimens from Nanxi Village, Nanxi Town, Hekou County, Honghe Prefecture, Yunnan Province, China. Herein, we report on new findings and a range extension of this species based on a re-examination of preserved specimens deposited in Duy Tan University (DTU) and Zoological Museum of Lomonosov Moscow State University (ZMMU) collected from Vietnam. All new specimens were previously identified as Micryletta cf. inornata or M. cf. steinegeri. Molecular analyses based on mitochondrial DNA supported the morphological findings. The newly identified specimens have a pairwise divergence of only 0.7% from those of the type series of M. hekouensis, based on the 16s rRNA mtDNA gene. Based on the new information, we confirm the presence of M. hekouensis in Vietnam and update the diagnostic characters of this species and its distribution. We suggest the species should be considered as Near Threatened (NT) following the IUCN’s Red List categories. Further studies reassessing the populations of the Micryletta inornata complex in the Indochinese Region (including Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, and Thailand) are required.

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DOI: 10.3897/herpetozoa.37.e123770

Authors: Thomas Daftsios, Kostas Sagonas, Ilias Strachinis

Abstract: Current knowledge of the vertical distribution of Triturus macedonicus places the species at altitudes up to 2140 m. Herein, we report its presence in the alpine lake Gistova at 2360 m on Mt. Grammos, Greece, thus extending the highest altitudinal point for the species, as well as for the Triturus genus. This record showcases the adaptive capacity of the Macedonian newt, which allows it to occupy markedly different environments. More populations may exist at similar or even higher altitudes and their discovery could positively impact conservation efforts.

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DOI: 10.3897/herpetozoa.37.e116071

Authors: Tao Liang, Qian-ru Liang, Jiang-miao Ran, Jing An, Ya-hui Huang, Peng Ding, Lei Shi

Abstract: The genus Ablepharus Lichtenstein, 1823 contains the common snake-eyed skinks, distributed from southern Europe and northern Africa to eastern Asia. Ablepharus alaicus Elpatjevsky, 1901 inhabits Central Asia and, according to historical literature, was once recorded in north-western China. However, there are no voucher records of this species from China. Some populations of a subspecies of A. alaicus have been elevated to new species, for example, A. eremchenkoi (Panfilov, 1999). However, no detailed studies have been conducted. In August and September 2023, we captured sixteen and fourteen skink specimens from Wuqia County and Qapqal Xibe Autonomous County, respectively, in Xinjiang, northwest China. Morphological and phylogenetic comparisons showed that the skinks collected from these two locations belong to A. eremchenkoi and A. alaicus, respectively. In this study, we confirmed the first record of A. eremchenkoi in China, rediscovered A. alaicus, reported voucher records for these two skinks and reviewed the taxonomic history of Ablepharus in Xinjiang, northwest China.

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DOI: 10.3897/herpetozoa.37.e117370

Authors: Dallin B. Kohler, Xiaoli Zhang, Kevin R. Messenger, Kenneth Chin Yu An, Deyatima Ghosh, Siti N. Othman, Zhenqi Wang, Hina Amin, Vishal Kumar Prasad, Zhichao Wu, Amaël Borzée

Abstract: Environmental niche models are useful tools for generating hypotheses for the distribution of species and informing conservation planning, especially at the edge of species’ ranges and for those with limited data. Here we report on the recent documentation of four species of amphibian (Hylarana latouchii, Odorrana tianmuii, Polypedates braueri, and Zhangixalus dennysi) and one reptile (Protobothrops mucrosquamatus) with few or no previous geolocated records from Jiangsu, China. We combined our opportunistic field sampling data from Jiangsu, which is at the edge of each of these species’ ranges, with publicly available occurrence records and climatic data to generate environmental niche models for these five species using Maxent. All models showed good model performance with AUC values ranging from 0.899 to 0.983. Additional potentially suitable areas within southern Jiangsu were predicted for the four amphibian species, although the significant anthropogenic habitat modifications in the province may limit their contemporary distributions. For all five species, the climatic variable that contributed most to the model was the precipitation of the driest month (Bio 14), indicating they are limited by moisture availability. Our study adds new information about the climatic preferences of these five species and highlights the value of complementing environmental niche modeling with field surveys for robust inferences and conservation planning, particularly at the edge of species’ ranges.

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DOI: 10.3897/herpetozoa.37.e112716

Authors: Henrik Bringsøe, Niels Poul Dreyer

Abstract: Kleptoparasitism, or food theft, is seldom reported in wild populations of snakes. Here, we describe as case where two Red-tailed Coral Snakes, Micrurus mipartitus, were observed competing for the same caecilian prey, either Caecilia leucocephala or C. perdita. This took place at night in a rainforest habitat in Valle del Cauca Department, western Colombia. Upon our arrival, the battle had already started as the two coral snakes kept bite-holds on the caecilian. They continued biting the prey at different places on the anterior parts and tugging in opposite directions. The snakes also made rotations along the longitudinal axis as they maintained their bite-holds. Surprisingly, one snake also bit the body of the other snake once. After 17 minutes of observation, the losing coral snake released its bite-hold on the caecilian. The winner then moved away from the losing snake which did not follow. It is well-known that M. mipartitus and other coral snakes eat caecilians, but this is the first observation of kleptoparasitism in elapid snakes in the wild. It is considered likely that they rely on chemoreception when detecting caecilians, notably in this case as two coral snakes detected the same prey item. In general, kleptoparasitism may occur more frequently amongst snakes than indicated by the very few published cases considering that numerous cases from captivity are known.

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