Corresponding authors: Song Li (
Academic editor: Günter Gollmann
Based on a 16S rRNA gene fragment, a molecular phylogeny for the genus
As no molecular data were available for
In addition, our phylogenetic analysis of molecular data demonstrated that the specimens from northern Myanmar should be assigned to
Field survey in Yingjiang County, Yunnan Province, China, was conducted under permits from Tongbiguan Provincial Natural Reserve Management and Protection Bureau; field survey in Hekou County, Yunnan Province, China, was conducted under permits from Honghe Prefecture Forestry and Grassland Bureau of Yunnan Province; and the field survey in northern Myanmar was undertaken at the invitation of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Conservation, Forest Department, Forest Research Institute. After live photographs were taken, specimens were collected, euthanised with ethyl acetate and fixed in 75% ethanol for storage. Liver tissue samples were preserved in 99% ethanol for molecular analysis. The specimens from China were deposited in
Measurements were taken with a digital caliper to the nearest 0.1 mm by Shuo Liu. We measured: snout-vent length (
Total genomic DNA was extracted from liver tissues using the DNeasy Tissue Kit (Qiagen, Inc., Valencia, CA). A fragment encoding mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene was amplified and sequenced. All new sequences have been deposited in GenBank, other sequences being downloaded from GenBank (Table
Samples used for phylogenetic analyses of molecular sequence data. * = type locality.
Species | Locality | Voucher No. | GenBank No. |
---|---|---|---|
|
Xe Sap, Xe Kong, Laos* | FMNH258109 |
|
|
Tokunoshima, Ryukyu, Japan | KUHE24635 |
|
|
Anlong, Guizhou, China* | HNNU1008I109 |
|
|
Phu Luang, Loei, Thailand* | ZMKU AM 01137 |
|
|
Khe Moi, Nghe An, Vietnam* | FMNH255611 |
|
|
Tram Lap, Gia Lai, Vietnam | ROM7472 |
|
|
Lai Chau, Vietnam | AMNH A161439 |
|
|
Darjeeling, West Bengal, India* | BMNH 1947.2.28.6 |
|
|
Sa Pa, Lao Cai, Vietnam | ROM19053 |
|
|
Dulongjiang, Yunnan, China* | KIZ035027 |
|
|
Wuyishan, Fujian, China* | HNNU0607032 |
|
|
Shiwanshan, Guangxi, China | HNNU295 7k |
|
|
Cao Bo, Ha Giang, Vietnam | AMNH 163782 |
|
|
Kunming, Yunnan, China* | HNNU1008II016 |
|
|
Wuzhishan, Hainan, China* | HNNU0606123 |
|
|
Wuzhishan, Hainan, China* | HNNU0606105 |
|
|
Hejiang, Sichuan, China* | HNNU1007I202 |
|
|
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia | IABHU 21004 |
|
|
Wuyishan, Fujian, China* | HNNU0607001 |
|
|
Amami Island, Ryukyu, Japan | No voucher |
|
|
Jingdong, Yunan, China* | 20070711017 |
|
|
Junlian, Sichuan, China* | HNNU002 |
|
|
Nanjiang, Sichuan, China* | HNNU0908II185 |
|
|
Shilian, Meitan, Guizhou, China | CIBGYU20130917004 |
|
|
Shaoguan, Guangdong, China* | HNNU1008I099 |
|
|
Lipu, Guilin, Guangxi, China* | NHMG1306002 |
|
|
Thagata Juwa, Myanmar* | BMNH 1889.2.25.48 |
|
|
Longsheng, Guangxi, China* | HNNU70028 |
|
|
Yingjiang, Yunnan, China* |
|
|
|
Htamanthi, Sagaing, Myanmar | SEABRI 2019120040 |
|
|
Htamanthi, Sagaing, Myanmar | SEABRI 2019120041 |
|
|
Htamanthi, Sagaing, Myanmar | SEABRI 2019120072 |
|
|
Htamanthi, Sagaing, Myanmar | SEABRI 2019120073 |
|
|
Emei, Sichuan, China | HNNU20050032 |
|
|
Tram Lap, Gia Lai, Vietnam | ROM7446 |
|
|
Nanjiang, Sichuan, China* | HNNU1007I291 |
|
|
Okinawa Island, Ryukyu, Japan | No voucher |
|
|
Ha Tinh, Vietnam | AMNH A161169 |
|
|
Wuzhishan, Hainan, China* | HNNU051119 |
|
|
Sangzhi, Hunan, China* | CSUFT 4305220051 |
|
|
Yichang, Hubei, China* | HNNU0908II349 |
|
|
Iriomotejima, Ryukyu, Japan | KUHE2898 |
|
|
Nantou, Taiwan, China | HNNUTW9 |
|
|
Tianmushan, Zhejiang, China* | NHMG1303018 |
|
|
Hekou, Yunnan, China* | KIZ20193272 |
|
|
Hekou, Yunnan, China* | KIZ20193273 |
|
|
Hekou, Yunnan, China* | KIZ20193274 |
|
|
Hekou, Yunnan, China* | KIZ20215191 |
|
|
Hekou, Yunnan, China* | SCUM50510CHX |
|
|
Huangshan, Anhui, China* | No voucher |
|
|
Ta Xua, Son La, Vietnam* | VNMN04035 |
|
|
Iriomotejima, Ryukyu, Japan | KUHE12896 |
|
|
Leishan, Guizhou, China* | HNNU003 LS |
|
|
Wuchuan, Guizhou, China* | HNNU019 L |
|
|
Tay Yen Tu, Bac Giang, Vietnam* | IEBRA.2015.38 |
|
|
Yizhang, Hunan, China* | HNNU1008I075 |
|
|
Longchuan, Yunnan, China* | HNNU001YN |
|
|
Aichi, Japan | No voucher |
|
|
Ningshan, Shanxi, China | HNNU20060359 |
|
Sequences were aligned using MAFFT 7 (
The sequence alignment is 1095 bp in length. Topologies resulting from
Phylogenetic tree of
Genetic divergence (uncorrected p-distance) between the specimens from Myanmar and the topotype of
Xueli Village, Taiping Town, Yingjiang County, Dehong Prefecture, Yunnan Province, China.
Type specimens of
Measurements and the comparison with the type specimens are represented in Table
Measurements (mm) of
SEABRI 2019120040 | SEABRI 2019120041 | SEABRI 2019120072 | SEABRI 2019120073 | SEABRI 2019120074 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Holotype | Paratype | ||||||
Female | Male | Male | Female | Male | Female | Male | |
|
95 | 50 | 56.8 | 111.2 | 59.1 | 91.6 | 56.7 |
|
35.5 | 20 | 22.3 | 40.6 | 24.8 | 33.4 | 23.8 |
|
32 | 17 | 21.2 | 37.2 | 22.0 | 32.5 | 22.2 |
|
15 | 8 | 10.1 | 18.2 | 10.3 | 15.6 | 10.8 |
|
13 | 7.5 | 7.9 | 11.7 | 8.2 | 9.2 | 8.0 |
|
6 | 5.5 | 5.6 | 6.6 | 5.8 | 5.7 | 6.2 |
|
41.5 | 24 | 28.5 | 50.6 | 29.7 | 45.2 | 27.2 |
|
16 (26) | 15.5 | 16.4 | 27.7 | 18.6 | 26.5 | 17.9 |
|
185 | 100 | 117.0 | 219.0 | 121.0 | 195.5 | 117.0 |
|
63.5 | 32.5 | 36.2 | 68.7 | 38.5 | 60.2 | 35.9 |
|
75.5 | 42.5 | 46.2 | 84.5 | 49.7 | 76.5 | 46.3 |
Adult female topotype of
Specimens of
Live colour variation in
Live ventral colour variation in
Forelimbs robust in males and relatively weak in females; relative lengths of fingers III > IV > I > II; all finger tips slightly expanded; lateral fringes and webbing on fingers absent; subarticular tubercle round and prominent; inner metacarpal tubercle and outer metacarpal tubercle distinct; greyish-yellow glandular nuptial pad on finger I in males.
Hind limbs long, tibia slightly longer than thigh; toes long and thin, relative lengths IV > V > III > II > I; all toe tips slightly expanded; entire webbing; subarticular tubercles prominent and longitudinally ovoid; inner metatarsal tubercle prominent and oval; outer metatarsal absent.
Dorsal skin smooth, lateral skin granular, ventral skin smooth. Dorsolateral folds distinct.
Dorsum greyish-brown, brownish-green or solid green with a few or many tiny black spots and several distinct or indistinct large black or brown spots. Upper and lower lips greyish-white, yellow, light green or brown with a few or many brown or black spots. Lateral side of head and body greyish-brown with many large or tiny black spots. Dorsal surfaces of limbs greyish-brown with some brown or black bands. Ventral surface of throat, chest and belly uniform white or some stains on ventral surface of throat, chest and anterior part of belly. Ventral surface of limbs white or pink. Tympanum brown, iris greyish-brown, pupil black.
Type locality in western Yunnan, China (red star) and new collection sites in northern Myanmar (red dots) summarising all known localities for
Habitat of
In preservative, dorsum fades to greyish-black. Ventral surface of throat, chest, belly and limbs pale white. Iris black, pupil white.
Body size much smaller in adult males than in adult females, adult males have relatively stouter forelimbs than females and greyish-yellow glandular nuptial pad on finger I, external vocal sacs present in adult males.
In Myanmar, all specimens of
According to
Previously,
Morphologically, the characters of the specimens from northern Myanmar mostly agree with the original description of
The type specimens of
Our field survey in Myanmar was undertaken at the invitation of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Conservation, Forest Department, Forest Research Institute. We thank the Ministry of Myanmar for its invitation and its staff and the local guides for their help in the field. Thank Bin Yang for helping us collect specimens. Thanks to Xiaofeng Ma and Hong Hui for providing photos and Xinwang Yang for providing information about specimen collection. We also thank the editors and reviewers for their working on the manuscript.
Table S1
Table (MS EXCEL file)
Genetic divergence (uncorrected p-distance) (%) based on the mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene sequences.