The Moorish gecko, Tarentola mauritanica Linnaeus, 1758 (Squamata, Phyllodactylidae), in Albania

We summarised the records of Tarentola mauritanica in Albania. The first record for the country was published in 1989 from Sazan Island; however, it was never confirmed again. Another population was found recently in an urban habitat of Vlorë City near the main city port, probably of human-mediated origin.

Lying on the western edge of the Balkan Peninsula, Albania has a large herpetological diversity with 42 reptile ) and 16 amphibian species . Due to the geological complexity of the Dinarides and Hellenides that meet in Albania, the country harbours mountain-dwelling cold-adapted species, as well as common European species, but most of its herpetofauna is comprised of Mediterranean species including Balkan endemics (Džukić andKalezić 2004, Speybroeck et al. 2016).
The Moorish gecko (Tarentola mauritanica Linnaeus, 1758) is a widespread lizard in the Mediterranean region of Europe and North Africa (Fig. 1A), but with a low level of genetic variability across Europe (Rato et al. 2016), which might indicate an introduced origin in at least some parts of its range (Mačát et al. 2014). In the Balkan Peninsula, it lives in isolated populations in Zadar and Hvar in Croatia (Lisičić et al. 2012) and various locations in Greece (Mačát et al. 2014, Strachinis et al. 2020. It is known from a single observation from Slovenia (Portorož, Krofel et al. 2009) and from a dubious sighting from Montenegro (Ada Bojana, Ljubisavljević et al. 2018). It also lives just outside the Balkans in Trieste, Italy (Krofel et al. 2009). The only record for Albania comes from Sazan Island in the Adriatic Sea (Bruno 1989) (Fig. 1B, C).
We thoroughly reviewed the literature on the amphibians and reptiles from Albania to summarise and update the knowledge of their distribution patterns in the country ). Currently we are maintaining a database called Balkan Herps where everyone can upload distribution records of every herp species from the Balkan Peninsula (https://openbiomaps.org/projects/balkanherps/). An observation record of T. mauritanica was uploaded to the database by one of the authors (AG), broadening our knowledge of this species for Albania. To confirm this observation, we conducted two field trips and obtained new data.
Tarentola mauritanica was firstly mentioned from Albania by Bruno (1989) in his synthesising work on the country's herpetofauna where he published many other new amphibian and reptile records as well. A specimen was sent to him by E. Frommhold in 1962 from Sazan Island in the Adriatic Sea ( Fig. 1B, C, 40.4999°N, 19.2834°E, obtained from Google Maps). The late S. Bruno's collection is curated at the Museum of Rovereto, Italy (Fondazione Museo Civico Rovereto). We searched the Museum's online database (https://www.fondazionemcr.it/extendedsearch_museo.jsp?id_schema=70&ID_LINK=113757&area=295), but we did not find the specimen, thus we assume it was lost during the years. Unfortunately, no-one has confirmed the presence of this species in Sazan again. The Island serves as a military base and is only accessible occasionally for civilian visitors. In 2012 and 2013, field missions were carried out to gather information on the Island's bio-diversity and to investigate the potential to designate Sazan as a protected area (Tomás-Vives 2015). They found one amphibian and eight reptile species including the Turkish gecko (Hemidactylus turcicus), but not T. mauritanica.
The second finding of T. mauritanica in Albania came from 14 March 2019 when a population was discovered in the port city of Vlorë by one of the authors (Fig. 1B, C). The observation was later confirmed by the other authors on 21 May 2019 and 10 August 2019. During the first visit, we only found geckos on a single wall made from concrete blocks, about two metres tall and 50 m long ( Fig. 2A-D). Above the wall, there was    4537°N, 19.4816°E). Subsequent fieldwork from 10 August 2019 (one night) showed the presence of the species in surrounding streets and their buildings. We searched the area by looking mostly at the walls, but also into holes, crevices and trees, both day and night. Geckos were easily detectable every time from a few metres. We did not estimate the population size, but we observed several individuals (up to 40 in a couple of hours) of both sexes and all age stages (Fig. 3A-G) suggesting the population is well established and reproducing. The area is also inhabited by Podarcis muralis, H. turcicus and Bufotes viridis.
Tarentola mauritanica is very prone to be introduced, often lives in cities and can be picked up accidentally with cargo. Most, if not all, of the populations in the Balkans are of foreign origin what is suggested also by DNA analysis (Harris et al. 2004). We did not perform a genetic analysis to confirm that because it is hard to trace the exact origin of introduction with often-used molecular-phylogenetic analyses (Mačát et al. 2014). However, it may be possible with a larger scale database on more variable genetic markers, such as microsatellites (Molecular Ecology Resources Primer Development Consortium et al. 2013). Tarentola mauritanica populations in the eastern part of the Mediterranean area (e.g. Crete or Corfu Island, Greece) belong to a single phylogenetic clade (Europe/North Africa; Mačát et al. 2014, Rato et al. 2016), thus we assume this new population also belongs there. The coast of Italy, where the species is present, is distanced only 90 km from the Vlorë port and, because the maritime connection is well established between Albania and Italy, we can expect such species origin in Albania. It would, therefore, be important to conduct further field research also in other busy international ports of Albania, such as Durrës or Sarandë.
Currently, there is no barrier for the species to spread in the area of Vlorë and Albania and this can be a conservation issue in the future, but also an interesting new research topic along with the investigation of other presumably newly-established populations, for example, in Greece (Mačát et al. 2014, Strachinis et al. 2020. It can also have effects on local invertebrates as the main prey source and on herpetofauna, most likely competition with H. turcicus as observed by Lisičić et al. (2012).