Geographic distribution of Telmatobufo venustus. Orange circles: literature localities; yellow octagram: possible location of Cordillera de Chillán according to this study; red diamond: new locality described here; blue circles: possible locations of Ralco. The insets to the right show enlargements of the northern (A) and southern (B) ends of its distribution. Inset B shows the possible routes (greenish solid and yellow dashed lines) that Philibert Germain followed, from west to east, on his journey inside the Hacienda San Ignacio de Pemehue in 1893 (see details in Results). The red segments of the solid and dashed lines represent the sectors of Germain’s routes that lie between 914 and 1219 meters (gray areas of inset B). The semi-transparent green areas represent the areas protected by the state of Chile (SNASPE). The thin white lines within Chile correspond to the boundaries of the administrative regions (named with white letters).