Research Article |
Corresponding author: Ryobu Fukuyama ( ryoubuf@gmail.com ) Academic editor: Philipp Wagner
© 2021 Ryobu Fukuyama, Ibuki Fukuyama, Takaki Kurita, Yosuke Kojima, Mohamad Yazid Hossman, Akihiro Noda, Kanto Nishikawa.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Fukuyama R, Fukuyama I, Kurita T, Kojima Y, Hossman MY, Noda A, Nishikawa K (2021) New herpetofaunal records from Gunung Mulu National Park and its surrounding areas in Borneo. Herpetozoa 34: 89-96. https://doi.org/10.3897/herpetozoa.34.e63998
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Gunung Mulu National Park (GMNP) in northwestern Borneo is marked by high species diversity and diverse environments. We present one new amphibian and ten new reptile records from GMNP and its surrounding area. In the records, Asthenodipsas jamilinaisi and Garthius chaseni were newly recorded in the Sarawak State. We also present the first record of Cyrtodactylus muluensis from outside of GMNP and the second record of Opisthotropis typica from the park. Combined with previous information, a total of 108 amphibians and 104 reptiles are known from GMNP, and their preferred habitat types are diverse. Furthermore, observed male-male combat of Dopasia buettikoferi is the first detailed description of the genus. Two color morphs of D. buettikoferi had an identical ND2 haplotype and appeared to be the same species. The present study provides new information about Bornean amphibians and reptiles, and also emphasizes the importance of continuous monitoring.
Amphibia, Dopasia, inventory, male-male combat, Miri, new locality, Reptilia, Sarawak, species diversity
Gunung Mulu National Park (GMNP) in northwestern Borneo, which was registered as a World Heritage Site in 2000, is famous for its remarkable species diversity and various abiotic and biotic environments. A variety of geological types and a wide altitude range within GMNP (from the headquarter area at < 50 m above sea level (a.s.l.) to the peak of Mt. Mulu at 2,376 m a.s.l.) allow the formation of the various types of vegetation, such as mossy forests, lower montane forests, lowland mixed dipterocarp forests, upper montane limestone forests, lower montane limestone forests, lowland limestone forests, riverine forest, kerangas forests, and peat swamp forests (
Species recorded from GMNP include 107 amphibian and 93 reptile species (
The earliest study of herpetofauna in GMNP was conducted during an expedition by the Royal Geographical Society and the Sarawak Government from 1977 to 1978, which reported 50 species of reptiles (
In 2018 and 2019, we conducted surveys of the herpetofauna in GMNP and adjacent areas and found some remarkable species. Here, we present one amphibian and 10 newly recorded reptile species from the Mulu area, of which two are newly recorded in the Sarawak State. We also provide some noteworthy natural history records of previously known species.
Field visual encounter surveys were conducted on three occasions in GMNP which is located in northeastern Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo (Fig.
Two snake species (Asthenodipsas jamilinaisi and Garthius chaseni) were newly recorded from Sarawak. One amphibian (Ingerophrynus quadriporcatus) and eight reptile species (Dopasia buettikoferi, Calamaria lumbricoidea, Hebius flavifrons, Lycodon albofuscus, Oligodon signatus, Oreocalamus hanitschi, Bungarus fasciatus, and Notochelys platynota) were newly recorded from the Mulu area. Opisthotropis typica, found at Mt. Mulu, was the second record of this species from GMNP. Cyrtodactylus muluensis, found from Bukit Pala, was the first record from outside the park.
One specimen (SRC 00583) was found in Paku Valley Loop near HQ (4°2.89'N, 114°49.46'E, ca. 40 m a.s.l.) in August.
The individual was sitting on the grass, approximately 15 cm above the ground at 0119 h.
This species has been broadly recorded from the coastal area of Borneo (
Two specimens were found on a karst outcrop near Camp 1 (4°2.90'N, 114°51.30'E, ca. 300 m a.s.l.; SRC 00651) and Bukit Pala (4°1.93'N, 114°47.96'E, ca. 50 m a.s.l.; SRC 00591) in August. This species was also observed on the Moonmilk Trail near HQ in August.
The individual near Camp 1 was found on limestone cliffs in the karst forest at 0220 h. The individual from Bukit Pala was climbing a tree in the karst forest at ca. 2300–2400 h. The individual from Moonmilk Trail was found on limestone cliffs in the karst forest at 2118 h.
This species has been recorded from the Clearwater Cave, Long Cave, and Lang Cave within GMNP (
Two males (SRC 00626 and 00627) were found at the same time from the Summit Trail between Camps 2 and 3 (4°2.53'N, 114°52.70'E, ca. 890 m a.s.l.) in August. One female (SRC 00632) was also found from the same area (4°2.42'N, 114°52.83'E, ca. 990 m a.s.l.) during the same survey.
The males were found on the dipterocarp forest floor at 1525 h. The larger male [147 mm in snout-vent length (SVL) and 447 mm in tail length (TL)] violently bit the dorsal part of the smaller male’s nape (145 mm in SVL and 432 mm in TL) and wound itself around the smaller male, while the smaller twisted its body to escape. This behavior was considered a male-male agonistic interaction. The smaller male had scars resulting from the biting on its lower jaw, nape, and anterior part of the body, and the ventral side of the tail (Suppl. material
This species has been recorded from 11 localities across western and northern Borneo (ca. 230–1300 m a.s.l.) (
The first and second specimens had different colors from the third specimen. Colorations of the first and second specimens were similar to the first individual of
One specimen (SRC 00866) was observed on the Summit Trail between Camps 2 and 3 (4°2.28'N, 114°53.16'E, ca. 1,280 m a.s.l.) in December.
The specimen was found on a shrub, approximately 60 cm above the ground, at 2023 h.
This species has been recorded from the highlands of Sabah (Mt. Trusmadi and Mt. Kinabalu) (
One specimen (SRC 00630) was observed at Camp 1 (4°3.01'N, 114°51.47'E, ca. 210 m a.s.l.) in August.
This specimen was found on the bare ground at 1040 h.
This species has been broadly recorded from Sarawak, Sabah, and eastern and southeastern Kalimantan (
Two individuals were observed near Camp 2 (4°2.51'N, 114°52.28'E, ca. 500 m a.s.l.) in August.
The two specimens were lying on shrub leaves (ca. 30 cm above the ground and ca. 50 cm from a stream) at 2358 and 0128 h, respectively.
This species is widespread in Borneo, from sea level to 700 m a.s.l. (
One adult (SRC 00654) was found on the Moonmilk Trail (4°3.03'N, 114°49.40'E, ca. 70 m a.s.l.) in August.
The specimen was lying on the riverine forest floor at 2330 h.
This species is widespread in lowland areas of Borneo (< 500 m a.s.l.) (
One specimen (SRC 00594) was collected from Bukit Pala (4°1.92'N, 114°47.96'E, ca. 50 m a.s.l.) in August.
The specimen was found crawling on the ground at 2339 h.
This species has been recorded from several sites of Sarawak and at one location of the Sabah State, where their distribution ranges from 190 to 350 m a.s.l. (
One specimen (SRC 00660) was found near Camp 2 (4°2.52'N, 114°52.30'E, ca. 520 m a.s.l.) in August.
The specimen was slowly swimming in a pool area of a stream (ca. 40 cm depth) at 2435 h.
This species has been recorded in lowland areas, from 50 to 900 m a.s.l., of Sarawak, Brunei, eastern and western Sabah, and Central Kalimantan (
Opisthotropis typica was recorded from GMNP by
One female (KUHE 62435) was found on the Summit Trail between Camps 3 and 4 (4°2.08'N, 114°53.88'E, ca. 1690 m a.s.l.) in August.
The specimen was observed on the trail at 0935 h.
This species has been recorded from the highlands of Sabah, northern Sarawak (Kelabit Plateau), and upper east and central Kalimantan, where their distribution ranges from 1,120 to 1,800 m a.s.l. (
Two specimens (SRC 00588 and 00595) were collected from Jalan Mulu Utama (4°2.11'N, 114°48.13'E and 4°2.38'N, 114°48.32'E, respectively), at approximately 20 m a.s.l., in August.
The first specimen was found dead beside the road at 2228 h. The second specimen was found slowly crawling beside the road at 0227 h.
This species has been recorded from the lowlands of Sarawak, Brunei, Sabah, and Kalimantan (
Although B. fasciatus was not listed on the checklist of
An adult male (SRC 00661) was observed in August from the Pinnacle Trail, on the northern slope of Mt. Api (4°7.60'N, 114°53.62'E, ca. 910 m a.s.l.).
The specimen was found in the karst forest at 2325 h.
This species is only known to inhabit the mountain forests of Mt. Kinabalu (from 915 to 1,430 m a.s.l.) and the Crocker Range (ca. 1,200 m a.s.l.) in Sabah (
An adult observed in August near HQ (4°1.45'N, 114°49.19'E, ca. 50 m a.s.l.).
The specimen was found on the bottom of a small river at 2258 h.
This species has been recorded from several places in the north of Borneo, especially from the Baram River system (
Our new records update the total numbers of amphibians and reptiles of GMNP and the surrounding areas to 108 and 104 species, respectively. Many of them are exclusive to particular environments, such as O. hanitschi in the lower mountain forest, D. buettikoferi in mixed dipterocarp forest, Glyphoglossus flavus in kerangas forest, and C. muluensis in karst forest (
We found that the distributions of some highland species are wider than previously reported. Two snake species, A. jamilinaisi and G. chaseni, which were thought to be endemic to Mt. Trusmadi and Mt. Kinabalu (
The species diversity of amphibians and reptiles in the areas adjacent to GMNP is also remarkable in the context of herpetofaunal diversity of the Mulu area. Two newly recorded snakes were observed outside the park, an area where researchers may have paid little attention. In Bukit Pala, endemic karst-dwelling species, Pelophryne api and C. muluensis were observed. There are other such small limestone hills around GMNP, however, most of them have not yet been surveyed. These patchy habitats may be important for endemic karst-dwelling species. Thus, these hitherto unprotected fragmented habitats should be given high conservation priority.
We found that two color morphs of D. buettikoferi had an identical ND2 haplotype and appeared to be the same species. Some species of Dopasia, such as D. harti and D. gracilis, also have blue markings similar to our male specimens of D. buettikoferi (
We are grateful to the State Government of Sarawak and the Sarawak Forest Department for permitting us to conduct the research (Permit No. (133)JHS/NCCD/600-7/2/107 and (134)JHS/NCCD/600-7/2/107 and Park Permit No.WL72/2018 and WL68/2019), GMNP for permission and co-operation in the field, and the staff of GMNP for their assistance during the survey.. We would like to thank Indraneil Das and Maximilian Dehling for providing literature. Field surveys were supported by the Asahi Glass Foundation (to K.N. and Y.K.), the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (Grant No. 18J00809 to Y.K.), the Shikata Memorial Trust for Nature Conservation (to I.F.), and JST/JICA, SATREPS (to Takao Itioka). We also thank Philipp Wagner, Alexander Haas and an anonymous reviewer for their useful comments on the first draft of the paper.
Male-male combat of Dopasia buettikoferi
Data type: MP4 file
Localities of the specimens
Data type: Table